Adjective / Adjective-verb --> Verb Conjugations

I posted ＜Adjective  --> Verb Conjugations＞and stated ”We may see ＜Adjective-verb --> Verb Conjugations ＞ later." A fairly long time has passed since then.

Adjective-verb （Keiyou-Doushi or けいようどうし, 形容動詞）is neither an adjective （Keiyoushi 形容動詞 in Japanese）nor verb （Doushi 動詞）. Adjective-verbs seem to conjugate by changing the un-root part or a conjugation part (which follows the root part) - but unlike adjective not very systematically, which is less systematic than the verbs however. So some or many people think and regard the adjective-verbs not a grammatical unit (word group).

We have many or countless adjective-verbs as you can make new ones. I just picked out from the post ＜Adjective  --> Verb Conjugations＞ to start the argument. These are not adjectives but adjective-verbs.

i-ya-na （いやな） -  i-ya-ni-na-ru （いやになる）  -　( i-ya-ni-su-ru - no this verb) -  detestable -  to become detestable -  (   )
 i-ya-na （いやな） -  i-ya-ga-ru （いやがる） -　( i-ya-ge-ru - no this verb) -  detestable - to seem detestable  -  (   )

 i-ya-na （いやな） has a special verb conjugation <-garu> in addition to the common <-naru> conjugation.

ki-re-i-na （きれいな、綺麗な）-  ki-re-i-ni-na-ru （綺麗になる）-  ki-re-i-ni-su-ru （綺麗にする） -  beautiful(pretty) -  to become beautiful (pretty)-  to make st beautiful (pretty)

hi-ma-na （ひまな、暇な） -  hi-ma-ni-na-ru （暇になる） -  hi-ma-ni-su-ru （暇にする）（seldom used）　 - not busy (nothing to do)  - to become not busy  - to make oneself not busy. I cannot find one word adjective in English. <free>, <idle> are not exactly the same as hi-ma-na （ひまな、暇な）.

o-ku-byo-na （おくびょうな、臆病な） (Chinese origin) -  o-ku-byo-ni-na-ru （おくびょうになる） -（o-ku-byo-ni-su-ru （おくびょうにする） - no this verb) -  timid -  to become timid -  (   )
hi-kyo-na （ひきょうな、卑怯な）  (Chinese origin) -  hi-kyo-ni-na-ru （ひきょうになる） -　(hi-kyo-ni-su-ru （ひきょうにする） - no this verb) -  shrewd -  to become shrewd -  (   )

Among the above ki-re-i-na （きれいな、綺麗な） is a typical adjective-verb though this word is Chiense origin (ki-re-i 綺麗（きれい）) despite sounds like Japanese because of the sound <ki-re-i> which resemble an adjective which ends <-i> sound.

The typical Native Japanese origin adjective-verb is <shi-zu-ka-na （しずかな、静かな）> - quiet. We have an adjective ＜u-ru-sa-i うるさい＞for <noisy> but do not have an adjective for <quiet> and instead we have an adjective-verb <shi-zu-ka-na （しずかな、静かな）>.

Attributive and Predicative uses of an adjecive

adjective ＜うるさい＞

Attributive use  -   Noisy children  - 　＜urusai kodomo tachi ＞＜うるさいこどもたち＞
Predicative use  -  The children are noisy - 　＜kodomo tachi wa urusai＞＜こどもたちはうるさい＞

I think that the adjective ＜u-ru-sa-i うるさい＞ conjugates but in this case seems no change -＜urusai＞＜うるさい＞

Forget the other conjugations but Verb Conjugation or more correctly Verb-making Conjugation. We learned this in <Adjective-verb  --> Verb Conjugations>. By following the simple and universal rule.

＜u-ru-sa-i うるさい＞  ー＞　＜u-ru-sa-ku-na-ru うるさくなる＞ (intransitive verb) - to become noisy
＜u-ru-sa-i うるさい＞  ー＞　＜u-ru-sa-ku-su-ru うるくする＞ (transitive verb) - to make something/someone or oneself noisy

Almost all adjectives follow this conjugation rule: adjective root + ku-na-ru for an intransitive verb and adjective root + ku-su-ru for a transitive verb. Please see Post ＜Adjective  --> Verb Conjugations＞.

"
to-o-i （とおい、遠い） -  to-o-ku-na-ru （遠くなる） -  to-o-ku-su-ru （遠くする） -  far (away) -  to become far (away) -  to make st far (away)
ya-su-i  （やすい、安い） -  ya-su-ku-na-ru （安くなる） -  ya-su-ku-su-ru （安くする）  -  cheap -  to become cheap -  to make st cheap
a-tsu-i （あつい、暑い、熱い） -  a-tsu-ku-na-ru（暑くなる、熱くなる）  -  a-tsu-ku-su-ru （熱くする） -  hot  -  to become hot-  to make st hot

"

Please note the rule:  <urusa>, <to-o>,<yasu>,<atsu> without the final <-i> are the roots of the adjectives. And the final <-i> changes to <-ku> then add <-naru> or <suru>.


Now turn to the Adjective-verbs. First we check Attributive and Predicative uses of the Adjective-verbs as they are regarded as at least partially adjective as the name suggests.


ki-re-i-na （きれいな、綺麗な）

Attributive use  -   (a) beautiful (pretty, neat, clean) room  - 　＜kireina heya ＞＜きれいな部屋＞
Predicative use  -  The room is beautiful (pretty, neat, clean) - 　＜(sono) heya wa kirei-da (desu)＞＜（その）部屋はきれいだ（です）＞. <desu> is the polite form of <da>.

Please note that ki-re-i-na （きれいな、綺麗な）can have <da> at the end by adding it to the root (kirei) but the adjective <u-tsu-ku-shi-i> (meaning "beautiful") cannot. This is one of the most distinctive differences between Adjective and Adjective-verb.

shi-zu-ka-na （しずかな、静かな）

Attributive use  -  (a) quiet  room  - 　＜shizukana heya ＞＜しずかな部屋＞
Predicative use  -  The room is quiet - 　＜(sono) heya wa shizuka-da (desu)＞＜（その）部屋は静かだ（です）＞

Please note that <kirei> (Chinese origin) is regarded as the root of ki-re-i-na. Also please note that <shizuka> (Native Japanese origin) is regarded as the root of shi-zu-ka-na. This is important when we think about how Chinese words were imported to Japan say, 1000-1300 years ago. But this is another topic to consider and discuss.

Next we check Verb-making Conjugations of Adjective-verbs. This is rather simple and systematic and therefore easy to do.

ki-re-i-na （きれいな、綺麗な）

ki-re-i-na  （きれいな、綺麗な） - ki-re-i-ni-na-ru （綺麗になる） -  ki-re-i-ni-su-ru （綺麗にする） - beautiful (pretty, neat, clean) -  to become beautiful (pretty, neat, clean) -  to make something/someone or oneself beautiful (pretty, neat, clean)

shi-zu-ka-na （しずかな、静かな）

shi-zu-ka-na （しずかな、静かな） - ki-re-i-ni-na-ru （静かになる） -  ki-re-i-ni-su-ru （静かにする） - quite -  to become quite -  to make someone/something or oneself quite


In case of adjectives

the basic form (or the ending form しゅうしけい 終止形 in Japanese) of an adjective is <XX(root) - i> like <to-o-i>, <ya-su-i>, <a-tsu-i>. When changing it to a verb (intransitive or transitive) this final <-i> changes to <-ku> and then add <naru> ot <suru>. The underlined part can be regarded as Conjugation.

XX(root) - i   -  Basic form or the ending form
XX(root) - ku + <naru> or <suru> - Verb forms
The basic form <XXX(root) - i> is also used as the attributive use <XX(root) - i -YYY>.
or
XX(root) - i + YY -  Attributive form

Meanwhile in case of Adjective-verbs

the basic form (or the ending form しゅうしけい 終止形 in Japanese) of an Adjective-verb is <XX(root) - da (desu) > like <ki-re-i-da (desu) >,<shi-zu-ka-da (desu) >. When changing it to a verb (intransitive or transitive) this final <-da (desu) > changes to <-ni> and then add <naru> or <suru> like <kirei-ni-naru>, <kirei-ni-suru>, <shizuka-ni-naru>, <shizuka-ni-suru>. And when making the attributive form this final <-da> changes to <-na> and added the attributed word like <room>. The underlined part cannot be regarded as Conjugation, which is my opinion. And this is also one of the most distinctive differences between Adjective and Adjective-verb.


XX(root) - da   -  Basic form or the ending form
XX(root) - ni + <naru> or <suru> - Verb forms
XX(root) - na + YY -  Attributive form

What are the differences and things in common between the adjectives and the adjective-verbs ?

Differences

1) The basic (or the ending form) and the attributive form of an adjective have the same final vowel <-i> while the basic (or the ending form) of the adjective-verb has the ending of <-da (desu)> and the attributive form has <-na>.

2) The verb form of an adjective has the final vowel of <ku> while that that of the adjective-verb has the ending of <-ni>. In this regard , though rather redundant, let us look at again,

Adjectives

XX(root) - i   -  Basic form or the ending form    (the old form was XX(root) - shi)
XX(root) - ku + <naru> or <suru> - Verb forms   (the old form was also XX(root) - ku)
XX(root) - i + YY -  Attributive form   (the old form was XX(root) - ki)

Adjective-verbs

XX(root) - da   -  Basic form or the ending form  (the old form was XX(root) - nari)
XX(root) - ni + <naru> or <suru> - Verb forms   (the old form was also XX(root) - ni)
XX(root) - na + YY -  Attributive form   (the old form was XX(root) - naru)

In common

As <naru> and <suru> are originally verbs so although the pronunciation differs the adjective's <-ku> ending and adjective-verb' <-ni> endings are used as an adverb-making ending form for any possible (meaningful) verbs.

ya-su-i （やすい、安い）  －　ya-su-ku ka-u （やすくかう、安く買う）－ to buy cheaply
ya-su-i （やすい、安い）  －　ya-su-ku u-ru （やすくうる、安く売る）－ to sell cheaply
-----

shi-zu-ka-na （しずかな、静かな）  －　shizuka-ni hanasu （静かに話す）－ to speak quietly

We call these endings, <-ku>and <-ni> as "verb ending" (or ren-you-kei れんようけい　連用形) as it is followed by a verb.

Before closing I want to emphasize

<da> of the basic form or the ending form of Adjective-verb <XX(root) - da> does not seem to be a part of conjugation and rather simply added to the root as we can change this <-da> to <de-su>, <de-aru> or <de-nai> (not <de-aru). <da> is treated a helping verb meaning (implying) "definition, decision" (which are also controversial). But <da> and <de> of <de-su> and <de-aru>,<de-nai> are in the same origin. So,

Adjective-verbs

XX(root) - Basic form  +  da   (the old form was XX(root) - nari)
XX(root) - ni + <naru> or <suru> - Verb forms    (the old form was also XX(root) - ni)
XX(root) - na + YY -  Attributive form  (the old form was XX(root) - naru)

<ni> and <na> differ only in the vowel. One (ni) makes an adverb and the other (ni) makes an adjective. So the root of Adjective-verbs can be considered as strong and <ni> and <na> can be regarded as the adverb ending and the adjective ending respectively. Please also see the above old forms.

The similar thing can be applied to the old forms of adjectives.

Adjectives

XX(root) - i   -  Basic form or the ending form    (the old form was XX(root) - shi)
XX(root) - ku + <naru> or <suru> - Verb forms   (the old form was also XX(root) - ku)
XX(root) - i + YY -  Attributive form   (the old form was XX(root) - ki)

<ku> and <ki> differ only in the vowel. One (ku) makes an adverb and the other (ki) makes an adjective. <ku> and <ki> can be regarded as the adverb ending and the adjective ending respectively. But the root of adjective may not be so strong as the adjective-verb.


sptt