We have seen the <active> three syllable verbs derived from the two syllable verbs. Now we will see <able> three syllable verbs derived from the two syllable verbs. This time we will change the stem of two syllable verbs
<-u> (all Japanese verbs ending -u, -ku, -su, -tsu, -mu, -ru, etc)
to <-e> and add
<-ru> mechanically or grammatically then we will be able to see some grammatical patterns in some forms and meanings.
Let's start now.
1. ending <vowel u>
-u
a-u,
ka-u, sa-u, ta-u,
na-u,
ha-u,
ma-u, ya-u, ra-u, wa-u
i-u, ki-u, shi-u, chi-u, ni-u, hi-u, mi-u,
( i-u), ri-u, ---
u-u,
ku-u,
su-u, tsu-u,
nu-u, hu-u, mu-u,
yu-u, ru-u, ---
e-u, ke-u, se-u, te-u, ne-u, he-u, me-u, ye-u, re-u, ---
o-u,
ko-u,
so-u,
to-u, no-u, ho-u, mo-u,
yo-u, ro-u, ---
a-u (あう、1) 会う、2) 合う) - 1) to meet (with), 2) to match with
i-u (いう、言う)
- to say
o-u (おう、1) 追う、2) 負う) - 1) to follow, 2) to bear (be responsible for)
ka-u (かう、飼う） to feed (an animal)
ka-u (かう、買う） to buy
ku-u (くう、食う)
- to eat (vulgar), the polite form is <ta-
be-ru> (たべる、食る）.
ko-u (こう、1) 乞う、2) 請う) - 1) to beg, 2 )to ask for
su-u (すう、吸う)
- to swallow, to absorb, to take (a breath), to smoke (a cigarette)
so-u (そう、1) 沿う、2) 添う)
- 1) to go (be) along with, 2) to accompany
to-u (とう、問う) - to ask (a question)
na-u (なう) - to twist (straws to make a rope). Rarely used in the modern life.
nu-u (ぬう、縫う) - to sew
ha-u (はう) - to crawl
, to creep
yo-u (よう、酔う) - to get drunken, to get seasick, or more generally to get motion sickness
a-e-ru (あえる、1) 会える、2) 合える) - 1) to
be able to meet (with), 2) to
be able to match with
The meaning of 1) to be able to meet with - is OK. But 2) to
be able to match with - is wrong. It should be
a-wa-se-ra-re-ru (あわせられる、2) 合わせられる). Far more than three syllables. This long syllable from comes from
a-wa-se-ru (あわせる、合わせる) or
a-wa-su (あわす、合わす)- to make sb/st to match with - transitive verb. And these
a-wa-se-ru and
a-wa-su derive from
a-u (あう、合う) - to
match with (intransitive verb). A bit complicated. <
be able to> portion
is <ra-re>.
This
<-a-ra-re> is another form of making
<be able to> besides the way of
changing the stem of two syllable verbs
<-u> to <-e> and add
<-ru>, which we have just started to study. Since
<ra-re> has two syllables we do not study it here as when adding
<ra-re> to a two syllable verb it becomes four syllables. Please note that you must change the verb stem
<-u> to
<-a> and then add e
<ra-re> and put the verb ending
<ru>, not
change the verb stem
<-u> to
<-e>.
i-e-ru (いえる、言える)
- to
be able to say
i-e-ru (いえる、癒える) has another meaning - to cure (intransitive verb) . The transitive verb is a three syllable word
i-ya-su (いやす、癒やす) - to heel.
o-e-ru (おえる、1) 追える、2) 負える) - 1) to
be able to follow, to chase, 2) to
be able to bear (be responsible for)
o-e-ru (おえる、終える) has another meaning - to end (transitive verb), which derives from this three syllable intransitive form of
o-wa-ru (おわる、終わる) - to end.
ka-e-ru (かえる、飼える） - to
be able to feed (an animal)
ka-e-ru (かえる、買える） - to
be able to buy
ka-e-ru (stressed on
ka-)
(かえる、帰る) has another meaning as three syllable verb - to return.
ku-e-ru (くえる、食える)
- to
be able to eat (vulgar), the polite form is
ta-be-ru (たべる、食る）.
The <able> form of
ta-be-ru (たべる、食る）is
ta-be-ra-re-ru (たべられる、食られる）- to
be able to eat (normal, not vulgar). Some young people or people in some area (as a dialect) use
ta-be-re-ru (たべれる、食れる). As just explained above certain verbs have to forms for
to be able to
1) change the stem of two syllable verbs
<-u> to <-e> and add
<-ru> : ta be ru --> ta-be -re -ru
2) change the verb stem
<-u> to
<-a> and then add e
<ra-re> and
+<ru>: ta be ru --> ta-be ra-re -ru
ko-e-ru (こえる、1) 乞える、2) 請える) - 1) to
be able to beg, 2 ) to
be able to ask for
. Not many chances to use
ko-e-ru.
ko-e-ru (こえる、越える) has another meaning - to pass (over), to cross (over), to surpass, which are more often heard and used but has no meaning of <able>. If you want to say - to be able to pass, cross, surpass, you must say
ko-e-ra-re-ru (こえられる、越えられる).
ko-e-re-ru (こえれる、越えれる)
can be also possible.
ko-e-ru (stressed on
-e-) (こえる、肥える) has another meaning to become fat.
su-e-ru (すえる、吸える)
- to
be able to swallow, to
be able to absorb, to
be able to take (a breath)
, to
be able to smoke (a cigarette)
su-e-ru (すえる、据える) has another meaning - to set, to place (no meaning of <able>). If you want to say - to be able to to set, to place, you must say
su-e-ra-re-ru (すえられる、据えられる).
su-e-re-ru (すえれる、据えれる)
can be also possible.
su-e-ru (stressed on -e-) (すえる、饐える)
has another meaning - to become sour (food).
so-e-ru (そえる、1) 沿える)
- 1) to
be able to go (be) along with
so-e-ru (そえる、2) 添える) - 2) to
be able to accompany. This is wrong
. so-e-ru (そえる、2) 添える) has no meaning
of
<able> but the meaning
changes to < to add something to
accompany the main thing>.
to-e-ru (とえる、問える) - to
be able to ask (a question)
na-e-ru (なえる) - to
be able to twist (straws to make a rope). Rarely used in the modern life.
na-e-ru (なえる、萎える) has another meaning - to be weaken, to become weaken
nu-e-ru (ぬえる、縫える) - to
be able to sew
ha-e-ru (はえる、這う
) - to
be able to crawl
, to
be able to creep
ha-e-ru (はえる、1) 生える、2) 映える) has two other meanings with no relation with <able> - 1) to grow, to become to appear (such as a plant, hairs, and 2) to seem distinctive (against the background).
yo-e-ru (よえる、酔える) - to
be able to get drunken, to
be able to get seasick, or more generally to
be able to get motion sickness
Before proceeding I want you to remind the additional meanigs we have encountered above.
ko-e-ru (stressed on
-e-) (こえる、肥える) has another meaning to become fat.
su-e-ru (stressed on -e-) (すえる、饐える)
has another meaning - to become sour (food).
na-e-ru (なえる、萎える) has another meaning - to be weaken, to become weaken
ha-e-ru (は
える、1) 生える)
- 1) to grow, to become to appear (such as a plant, hairs)
What is common in the above four verbs? We will continue to see this type of verbs havin <
-e-ru>.
Let's continue.
2. ending <consonant + u>: - ku, -su, -tsu, -nu, -hu, -mu, -yu, -ru,
2 -1 -ku
a-ku,
ka-ku,
sa-ku,
ta-ku,
na-ku,
ha-ku,
ma-ku,
ya-ku, ra-ku,
wa-ku
i-ku,
ki-ku,
shi-ku, chi-ku, ni-ku,
hi-ku, mi-ku,
(i-ku), ri-ku, ---
u-ku, ku-ku,
su-ku,
tsu-ku, nu-ku,
hu-ku,
mu-ku,
yu-ku, ru-
ku, ---
e-
ku, ke-
ku,
se-ku, te-
ku, ne-
ku, he-
ku, me-
ku, ye-
ku, re-
ku, ---
o-ku, ko-ku, so-
ku,
to-ku, no-ku, ho-
ku, mo-
ku, yo-
ku, ro-
ku, ---
a-ku (あく、飽く)
- to get tired of, to get bored (in)
a-ku (あく、1) 開く、2) 空く)
- 1) to
open, 2) to become empty
i-ku (いく、行く)
- to go
u-ku (うく、浮く
) - to float
u-ku (うく、憂く)
- to
worry
o-ku (おく、置く) - to
put, to place
ka-ku (かく、1) 書く、2) 掻く)
- 1) to
write; 2) to scratch (in the very old days, to write by scratching on something)
ka-ku (かく、欠く)
- to
be insufficient, not to suffice
ki-ku (きく、1) 聞く、2) 効く)
- 1) to listen to ; 2) to work, to show effect
ko-ku (こく)
- to ?
sa-ku (さく、1) 裂く、2) 割く)
- 1) to split, to cut (into pieces), 2) to divide
sa-ku (さく、咲く) - to
broom
shi-ku (しく、敷く) - to
pave, to cover over (something)
shi-ku (しく、如く) - to exceed ( seldom used and when used it usually takes <not>)
su-ku (すく、好く) - to
like, to favor
su-ku (すく、1) 空く、2) 透く、3) 梳く) - 1) to
become empty (intransitive verb), 2) to be seen through (intransitive verb), 3) to comb (hair) (transitive verb).
se-ku (せく、急く)
- to make haste
ta-ku (たく、炊く、焚く) - to cook (food), to burn (fire)
tsu-ku (つく、突く、衝く) - to push, to stick, to attack
tsu-ku (つく、1) 付く、2) 着く、3)点く、4) 搗く、5)就く)
- 1) to attach (adhere) to, 2) to arrive, 3) to switch on, 4) to pound,
5) to take (a seat, a post). <tsu-ku> is a very versatile verb.
to-ku (とく、1) 解く、2) 溶く、3)説く)
- 1) to solve, 2) to dissolve, 3) to preach (to talk)
na-ku (なく、1) 泣く、2) 鳴く)
- 1) to cry, 2) to sing (a bird)
nu-ku (抜く、抜く、貫く)
- to pull out, to pass over, to get through
no-ku (のく、退く)
- to retreat
ha-ku (はく、1) 掃く、2) 吐く)
- 1) to sweep, 2) to vomit, to make something (such as a lie)out from the mouth
ha-ku (はく、履く)
- to ware, to put on (shoes)
hi-ku (ひく、1) 引く、2) 挽く、3) 弾く、4) 轢く、5) 退く)
-
1) to pull, to draw, 2) to grind (beans, etc), 3) to play(a musical
instrument), 4) run over, 5) to retreat. <hi-ku> is a very
versatile verb like <tsu-ku>.
hu-ku (ふく、1) 吹く、2) 噴く、3) 葺く)
- 1) to blow, 2) to explode, 3) to xxxx (a roof)
hu-ku (ふく、拭く)
- to wipe with cloth
ma-ku (まく、蒔く)
- to plant seeds
ma-ku (まく、巻く)
- to wind up
mu-ku (むく、1) 向く、剥く)
-1) to turn (to a certain direction), 2) to peel off (peel, surface)
ya-ku (やく、焼く)
- to grill, to burn
yu-ku (ゆく、行く)
- to go
wa-ku (わく、沸く)
- to become boiled ( intransitive verb)
We must change
<-ku-> to <
-ke-> and add
<ru>.
a-ke-ru (あける、飽ける)
- to
be able to get tired of, to
be able to get bored (in). The verbs do not exist ans do not make sense either. The original form
a-ku (あく、飽く) is a bit old form and the modern form is a three syllable verb
a-ki-ru (あきる、飽きる).
a-ki-re-ru (あきれる) does exists and us used commonly but the meaning is not to
be able to get tired of, to
be able to get bored (in) but
to become tired of, bored (in) or
to become fooled.
a-ke-ru (あける、1) 開ける、2) 空ける)
- 1) to
be able to open, 2) to
be able to become empty
. a-ke-ru (あける、1) 開ける、2) 空ける) exist but do no have these meanings. Instead these are commonly used
as transitive verb
with the meanings
- 1) to
make (let) sb/st open, 2) to
make (let) sb/st become empty
. If you wan to say 1) to
be able to open, 2) to
be able to become empty
, you should use
a-ke-ra-re-ru (あけられる、1) 開けられる、2) 空けられる). However,
a-ke-ra-re-ru (あけられる、1) 開けられる、2) 空けられる) also mean 1) to
be opened (by some one), 2) to
become empty, to
be emptied (by someone).
to-ga-a-ku (とがあく、戸が開く) - the door opens.
to-ga-a-ku (とがあけられる、戸が開けられる) - the door is able to be opened. or more commonly
to-
wa-a-ku (と
はあけられる、戸
は開けられる) - the door is able to be opened.
to-ga-a-ku (とがあけられる、戸が開けられる) - the door is opened by someone.
i-ke-ru (いける、行ける)
- to
be able to go
.
i-ke-ru (stressed on -
ke-) (いける、生ける)
has another meaning
- to
arrange (flowers) (
ha-na-wo-i-ke-ru はな(花)を生ける) in flower arrangement. The original verb is
i-ki-ru (いきる、生きる) - to live - and its variant
i-ka-su (いかす、生かす) - to
make (let) sb/st get.
u-ke-ru (うける、浮ける
) - to
be able to float
u-ke-ru (うける、憂ける)
- to
be able to worry
. This verb does not exist and does not make sense either. The original verb
u-ku (うく、憂く)
is a bit old form. <
u-ku (うく、憂く)
- to worry
> seems very common and important word but there is no modern close alternative.
u-ke-ru (うける、受ける)
has another meaning - to receive. The old form is also
u-ku (うく、受ける).
o-ke-ru (おける、置ける) - to
be able to put, to
be able to place.
ka-ke-ru (かける、1) 書ける、2) 掻ける)
- 1) to
be able to write; 2) to
be able to scratch (in the very old days, to write by scratching on something)
ka-ke-ru (かける、欠ける)
- to
be able to be insufficient,
to
be able to not to suffice. This is worng. Actually the original
ka-ku (かく、欠く) is the old form and the modern form is
ka-ke-ru (かける、欠ける) and has the same meaning as the old form
- to
be insufficient, not to suffice
ki-ke-ru (きける、1) 聞ける、2) 効ける)
- 1) to
be able to listen to ; 2) to
be able to work, to
be able to show effect
. The meanings are not exactly right.
ki-ke-ru (きける、1) 聞ける
) - is more like
to
be able to hear rather than
to
be able to listen to. But the correct verb for to
be able to hear is
ki-ko-e-ru (きこえる、1) 聞こえ
る). ki-ke-ru (きける、2) 効ける) is wrong and does not exist.
the correct verb is the original verb -
ki-ku (きく、2) 効く)
as ＜to work＞, ＜to show effect＞ have the meaming of ＜to
be able to work＞, ＜to
be able to show effect＞.
ko-ke-ru (こける)
- to ?
sa-ke-ru (さける、1) 裂ける、2) 割ける)
- 1) to
be able to split, to cut (into pieces), 2) t
be able to divide. Besides these meanings
sa-ke-ru (さける、1) 裂ける、2) 割ける) have the following meanings:
sa-ke-ru (さける、1) 裂ける)
- 1) to
become split, cut (into pieces).
sa-ke-ru (さける、2) 割ける)
- 2) to
become divided
.
sa-ke-ru (stressed on -
ke-) (さける、避ける) has another meaning - to avoid, to evade. This comes form the old form of
sa-ku (stressed on -
ke-) (さく、避く) - to avoid, to evade.
sa-ke-ru (さける、咲ける) - to
be able to broom. Possible but seldom used.
shi-ke-ru(しける、敷ける) - to
be able to pave, to
be able to cover over (something)
shi-ke-ru(しける、湿気る) has another meaning - to become moist, to become soaked
shi-ke-ru (しける、如ける) - to
be able to exceed. This verb does not exist. The original verb
shi-ku (しく、如く) has a meaning - to exceed and it also means - to
be able to exceed. Anyway even
shi-ku (しく、如く) is seldom used and and when used it usually takes <not>.
su-ke-ru (すける、好ける) - to
be able to like, to
be able to favor. This verb does not exist in this sense. Even the original verb
su-ku (すく、好く) is seldom used.
su-ke-ru (すける、1) 空ける、2) 透ける、3) 梳ける) - 1) to
be able to become empty, 2) to
be able to be seen through 3) to
be able to comb
su-ke-ru (すける、1) 空ける) - 1) to
be able to become empty. This
su-ke-ru is wrong.The correct form is the original form
su-ku (すく、1) 空く) - 1) to
become empty. <to become> may have the meaning - to be able to become>. And as
su-ku (すく、1) 空く) is an intransitive verb it has the meaning -
to become.
su-ke-ru (すける、2) 透ける) - 2) to
be able to be seen through. It also means -
to become seen through.
su-ke-ru (すける、3) 梳ける) - 3) to
be able to comb.
se-ke-ru (せける、急ける)
- to
be able to make haste. This verb does not exist.
ta-ke-ru(たける、1) 炊ける、2) 焚ける) - 1) to
be able to cook (food); 2) to
be able to burn (fire). It also mean -1) to
become cooked (food); 2) to
become burnt (by fire).
tsu-ke-ru (つける、1) 突ける、2) 衝ける) - 1) to
be able to push, to
be able to stick, 2) to
be able to attack.
tsu-ke-ru (つける、1) 付ける、2) 着ける、3)点ける、4) 搗ける、5)就ける)
- 1) to
be able to attach (adhere) to, 2)
be able to to arrive, 3) to
be able to switch on, 4) to
be able to pound,
5) to
be able to take (a seat, a post).
to-ke-ru (とける、1) 解ける、2) 溶ける、3)説ける)
- 1) to
be able to solve, 2) to
be able to dissolve, 3) to
be able to preach (to talk).
to-ke-ru (とける、2) 溶ける)
- also means - to become solved, to become dissolved.
na-ke-ru (なける、1) 泣ける、2) 鳴ける)
- 1) to
be able to cry, 2) to
be able to sing (a bird).
na-ke-ru (なける、1) 泣ける) may also mean - to
become to cry. The English <
to become to cry> sounds strange and it means like - to become a mood of crying.
nu-ke-ru (ぬける、1) 抜ける、2) 抜ける、3) 貫ける)
- 1) to
be able to pull out, 2) to
be able to pass over, 3) to
be able to go (get) through.
nu-ke-ru (ぬける、1) 抜ける) also means -
- 1) to
become pulled out.
no-ke-ru (のける、退ける)
- to
be able to retreat ---> to take sb/st out, aside.
ha-ka-ru (はける、1) 掃ける、2) 吐ける)
- 1) to
be able to sweep, 2) to
be able to vomit, to make something (such as a lie) out from the mouth.
ha-ke-ru (はける、履ける)
- to
be able to ware, to
be able to put on (shoes).
hi-ke-ru (ひける、1) 引ける、2) 挽ける、3) 弾ける、4) 轢ける、5) 退ける)
-
1) to
be able topull, to draw, 2) to
be able to grind (beans, etc), 3) to
be able to play(a musical
instrument), 4) to
be able to run over, 5) to
be able to retreat.
hu-ke-ru (ふける、1) 吹ける、噴ける、3) 葺ける)
- 1) to
be able to blow, 2) to
be able to xxxx (a roof)
hu-ke-ru (ふける) has another meaning - to get old, to become aged.
hu-ke-ru (ふける、拭ける)
- to
be able to wipe with cloth.
ma-ke-ru (まける、蒔ける)
- to
be able to plant (seeds).
ma-ke-ru (まける、負ける)
has another meaning - to lose (to), to be wined (the opposite of
to win is
to lose). The original or old form is
ma-ku (まく、負く)
- to lose (to). So
ma-ke-ru (まける、負ける) can be considered as - to
be able to lose. This sounds strange and should considered as - to
become to lose.
ma-ka-su has two other meanings. The other variants include:
1) to win (
ma-ka-su、まかす、負かす)
to win (literally,
to make sb to lose);
ma-ka-se-ru means to <be
able to win> (まかせる、負かせる).
ma-ke-ru (まかす、巻かす)
- to
be able to wind.
mu-ke-ru (むける、1) 向ける、剥ける)
-1) to
be able to turn (to a certain direction), 2) to
be able to peel off (peel, surface).
mu-ke-ru (むける、1) 向ける)
-1) to
be able to turn (to a certain direction). This is wrong.
mu-ke-ru (むける、1) 向ける)
means - to
make sb/st to turn, to direct (to a certain direction) and similar to < to
mu-ka-su (むかす、1) 向かす)>. But
mu-ke-ru (むける、1) 向ける) is more commonly used.
ya-ke-ru (やける、焼ける)
- to
be able to grill, to
be able to burn. It also means - to
become grilled, burnt.
yu-ke-ru (ゆける、行ける)
- to
be able to go. Refer to
i-ke-ru (いける、行ける)
wa-ke-ru (わける、沸ける)
- to
be able to become boiled. Seldom used. The original verb
wa-ku (わく、沸く)
- to boil - is an intransitive verb. The transitive form is
wa-ka-su (わかす、沸ける) - to boil.
-gu
ka-gu (かぐ、嗅ぐ)
- to smell
ko-gu (こぐ、漕ぐ) - to row
su-gu (すぐ、1) 直ぐ、2) 過ぐ) - 1) to make st straight ; 2) to pass
tsu-gu (つぐ、1) 告ぐ、2) 次ぐ、3) 注ぐ、4) 継ぐ、5) 接ぐ) - 1) to tell, to inform ; 2) to pour; 3) to follow; 4) to succeed; 5) to connect
to-gu (とぐ、砥ぐ) - to sharpen
na-gu (なぐ、和ぐ、凪ぐ) - to weaken , to calm down
nu-gu (ぬぐ、脱ぐ)
- to take off (clothes, shoes)
ha-gu (はぐ、剥ぐ) - to peel off
ho-gu (ほぐ) - to xxxx; to dissolve
mo-gu (もぐ)
- to pluck off
Let's do the same way as above.
ka-ge-ru (かげる、嗅げる)
- to
be able to smell. The original form <
ka-gu (かぐ、嗅ぐ)
- to smell> is one of the sense verbs - visual, by eyes, (to see), audio, by ears (to hear), nasal, by nose,(to smell), by tongue (to taste), by skin (to feel). These verbs show some feataures as group.
ko-ge-ru (こげる、漕げる) - to
be able to row.
ko-ge-ru (こげる、焦げる) is also a verb which has a totally different meaning to become scorched (intransitive verb). The transitive form is
ko-ga-su (こがす、焦げる)
meaning to scorch, either intentionally or unintentionally. But is "scorch something unintentionally" still transitive?
su-ge-ru (すげる、1) 直げる、2) 過げる) -
be able to does not exist.
For 1) to
make (let) sb/st make straight,
massugu-ni-sa-se-ru (まっ)直ぐにさせる) is used
su-gu (すぐ、1) 直ぐ) is rarely used or an old form. The modern form is
(mas)su-gu-ni-su-ru ((まっ)直ぐにする).
For 2) to
make (let) sb/st pass,
su-gi-sa-se-ru (すぎさせる、過ぎさせる) or
su-go-sa-se-ru (すごさせる、過ごさせる) is used as
su-gu (すぐ、2) 過ぐ) is the old form. The modern for is
su-gi-ru (すぎる、過がす).
tsu-ge-ru (つげる、1) 告げる、2) 次げる、3) 注げる、4) 継げる、5) 接げる) - 1) to
be able to tell, to
make (let) sb/st inform ; 2) to
be able to pour; 3) to
be able to follow; 4) to
be able to succeed; 5) to
be able to ｃonnect.
For 1)
tsu-ga-su (つがす、1) 告がす) is seldom used.
tsu-ge-sa-su (つげさす、1) 告げさす) is used insteead as
tsu-gu (つぐ、1) 告ぐ) is a bit old form and the modern form is
tsu-ge-ru (つげる、1) 告げる).
to-ge-ru (とげる、砥げる) - to
be able to sharpen
na-ge-ru (なげる、和げる、凪げる) - to
be able to weaken , to
be able to calm down
na-ga-su for these meaning do not exist. The common meanig for
na-ga-su is to
make (let) sb/st flow (ながす、流す). The word for <to flow> (intransitive verb) is (ながれる、流れる).
nu-ge-ru (ぬげる、脱げる)
- to
be able to take off (clothes, shoes). Also means to become come (go) off.
ha-ge-ru (はげる、剥げる) - to
be able to peel off。 Also means to peel off o to become peeled off.
ho-ge-ru(ほげる) - to
be able to xxxx; to
be able to dissolve. Very rar
ely heard and used. Also means to
dissolve o
r to become
dissolved.ed.
mo-ge-ru (もげる)
- to
be able to pluck off.
mo-ga-su is rarely used.
Also means to
dissolve o
r to become
pluck
ed off.
-su
a-su,
ka-su,
sa-su, ta-su,
na-su, ha-su,
ma-su, ya-su, ra-su, wa-su
i-su,
ki-su,
shi-su, chi-su, ni-su, hi-su, mi-su, (i-su), ri-su, ---
u-su, ku-su, su-su, tsu-su, nu-su,
hu-su,
mu-su, yu-su, ru-su, ---
e-su,
ke-su, se-su, te-su, ne-su, he-su,
me-su, ye-su, re-su, ---
o-su, ko-su, so-su, to-su,
no-su,
ho-su,
mo-su,
yo-su, ro-su, ---
o-su (おす、押す) - to push
ka-su （化す、課す、嫁す）are Chinese origin.
ka-su (かす、貸す) - to lend, to let
ki-su (きす、帰す、期す、記す）are Chinese origin.
ke-su (けす、消す) - to extinguish, to erase
ko-su (こす、1) 越す，2)濾す) - 1)to cross over:; 2) to distill
shi-su (しす、死す) - Chinese origin.
<shi (死)> + <su>. Refer to <shi-nu>.
na-su (なす、成す) - to make, to do, to achieve
no-su (のす、伸す、熨す) - to lengthen, to flatten
hi -su (ひす、比す、秘す) are Chinese origin.
hu-su (ふす、伏す) - to crouch
ho-su (ほす、干す、乾す) - to dry
ma-su (ます、増す) - to increase
mu-su (むす、蒸す) - to steam
me-su (めす、召す) - to call sb to come, to invite (in polite form, to eat, to ware)
mo-su (もす、模す） Chinese origin.
mo-su (もす、燃す) - to burn
We
must be careful in this group as <su> is the helping verb
<su>, a part of <su-ru> (to do), having a function to change
a intransitive verb to a
transitive verb. So, <na-su> is not the independent two syllable
verb but <na-ru> (to become) + <su> (to make) combination
and <na-su> means <to make become>. <ka-su> is also
<ka-ru> (to borrow) + <su> --> to make borrow --> to
lend. <mo-su> = <mo-yu> (to burn) + <su> --> to
make burn. It is a way (an easy way) to make a Chinese verb to the
equivalent Japanese verb - to add <su> in old time or
<su-ru> in modern time to the Chinese verb. <su> or
<su-ru> is necessary because without these the verb cannot
conjugate in Japanese sentences. The Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives do
not conjugate at all. So if you already knows Chinese verbs you can
use your Chinese verbs to make Japanese verbs with relative ease. But
your Japanese may sound more like Chinese when speaking while you may
be regarded as more highly cultured when writing in this way.
Let's continue to do the same way as above.
o-se-ru (おせる、押せる) - to
be able to push
ka-se-ru (かせる、貸せる) - t
be able too
lend, t
be able too
let
ke-se-ru (けせる、消せる) - to
be able to extinguish, to
be able to erase
ko-se-ru (こせる、1) 越せる，2)濾せる) - 1)to
be able to cross over:; 2) to
be able to distill
na-se-ru (なせる、成せる) - to
be able to make (do), to
be able too
achieve
no-se-ru (のせる、伸せる、熨せる) - to
be able to lengthen, to
be able to flatten -
Seldom used
hu-se-ru (ふせる、伏せる) - to
be able to crouch - this is wrong.
hu-se-ru is to crouch (intransitive verb). The original
hu-su is the old form (though still commonly used) of
ho-se-ru.
ho-se-ru (ほせる、干せる、乾せる) - to
be able to dry or more appropriately to
be able to make st dry
ma-se-ru (ませる、増せる) - to
be able to increase
mu-se-ru (むせる、蒸せる) - to
be able to steam
me-se-ru (めせる、召せる) - to
be able to call sb come, to invite (in polite form, to eat, to ware) -
Seldom used
mo-se-ru(もせる、燃せる) - to
be able to burn
Since the ending <-su> has a meaning <
make (let) sb/st> inherently some of the above sound strange such as
ka-sa-su (かさす、貸す) - to
make (let) sb/st lend, to
make (let) sb/st let
-zu
As we already reviwed in ＜Playing with Japanese two syllable verbs＞
<zu>
used to be used (or is used even now) as the helping verb (auxiliary
verb) meaning <not> so it cannot be used as
verb ending <-zu> to avoid confusion. However if you add one vowel after <zu> you can make some
three syalable verbs like:
ki-zu-ku (1) きづく、 1) 気付く； 2) きずく、築く) － 1) to notice, 2) to build
tsu-zu-ku or
tsu-zu-ku (つづく、続く) － to follow
ne-zu-ku (ねづく、根付く) － to become rooted
ha-zu-su or h
a-zu-su (はずす、外す) － to set something aside
ha-zu-mu or
ha-zu-mu (はずむ、弾む) － to bound (up and down)
me-zu-ru (めずる、愛ずる) － to love, to be fond of
yu-zu-ru or
yu-zu-ru (ゆずる、譲る) － to give away
And these do not have the meaning of
to be able to.
-tsu
u-tsu (うつ、打つ) - to
hit, to beat, to strike, to flap.
ka-tsu (かつ、勝つ) - to win
ta-tsu
(たつ、1) 立つ、2) 発つ、3) 経つ、4) 絶つ、5) 断つ、6) 裁つ) - 1) to stand up, to appear;
2) to leave; 3) to pass (time); 4) to end: 5) to cut; 6) to cut (cloth)
ma-tsu (まつ、待つ) - to wait
mo-tsu (もつ、1) 持つ、2) もつ) -1) to have , to hold; 2) to endure
To continue to do the same way as above.
u-te-ru (うてる、打てる) - to
be able to hit, to beat, to strike
ka-te-ru (かてる、勝てる) - to
be able to win.
ta-te-ru (たてる、1) 立てる、2) 発てる、3) 経てる、4) 絶てる、5) 断てる、6) 裁てる) - 1) to
be able to stand up (OK), to
be able to appear (does not make sense) and ＜
ta-te-ru＞ is the transitive verb form of
to stand - to build st.; 2) to
be able to leave; 3) to
be able to pass (time) (does not make sense) ; 4) to
be able to end (possible but rarely used); 5) to
be able to cut (possible but rarely used) ; 6) to
be able to cut (cloth). The dominant use of
ta-te-rui is 1) to
be able to stand up (intransitive verb) and the transitive verb form of
to stand - to build st.
ma-te-ru (まてる、待てる) - to
be able to wait
.
mo-te-ru (もてる、1) 持てる、2) もてる) -1) to
be able to have, to hold; 2) to
be able to endure
- this is wrong. Please note that
＜to endure＞itself has an inherent meaning of being able to do so the original form of mo
-tsu has a meaning of ＜to (be able to ) endure＞
-bu
to-bu (とぶ、1) 飛ぶ、2) 跳ぶ) - 1) to fly; 2) to jump
yo-bu (よぶ、呼ぶ) - 1) to call, 2) to invite
To continue to do the same way as above.
to-be-ru (とべる、1) 飛べる、2) 跳べる) - 1) to
be able to fly; 2) to
be able to jump.
yo-be-ru (よべる、呼べる) - 1) to
be able to call; 2) to
be able to invite.
-mu
Already dicussed
<me-ru> in the last post.
The <-mu> ending verbs are not so many as below. But the three
syllable verbs derived from the <-mu> ending verbs are quite
many, or perplexingly many or and seemed complicated. I will reeat them
with some modifications for the purpose of understanding and ease for
memorizing.
The verbs in
italic are old forms, from which the modern forms have derived, and
some
of which are still used now without noticing them as old usage.
a-mu,
ka-mu,
sa-mu,
ta-mu,
na-mu,
ha-mu, ma-mu,
ya-mu, ra-mu, wa-mu
i-mu,
ki-mu,
shi-mu, chi-mu, ni-mu, hi-mu, mi-mu, (
i-mu), ri-mu, ---
u-mu,
ku-mu,
su-mu,
tsu-mu, nu-mu,
hu-mu, mu-mu, yu-mu, ru-mu, ---
e-mu, ke-mu,
se-mu, te-mu, ne-mu, he-mu, me-mu, ye-mu, re-mu, ---
o-mu,
ko-mu,
so-mu,
to-mu,
no-mu,
ho-mu,
mo-mu,
yo-mu, ro-mu, ---
a-mu (あむ、編む) - to knit, to weave
i-mu (いむ、忌む) - to avoid (bad omen)
u-mu (うむ、生む)
- to give birth, to produce
u-mu (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む) - 1) to get tired, 2) to fester (to wound)
e-mu (えむ、笑む)
- to smile (old usage)
ka-mu (かむ、咬む) - to bite
ka-mu (かむ、鼻をかむ) - to blow (one's nose)
ki-mu (きむ、決む) -
--> modern form
<ki-me-ru> (きめる）to decide
ku-mu (くむ、組む) - to make a pair, to construct
ku-mu (くむ、汲む) - to scoop (liquid)
ko-mu (こむ、込む、混む) - to fill up; to get crowded
sa-mu (さむ)
--> modern form
<sa-me-ru> (さめる）- to become cold (food)
shi-mu --> modern form <shi-mi-ru> (しみる)
shi-mi (しみ、染み、滲み)－stain (noun)
su-mu (すむ、1) 住む、2) 済む、3) 澄む) - 1) to live (in a house, apartment); 2) to be finished; 3) to become clear
se-mu --> modern formｓ1)
<se-me-ru> (せめる、1) 攻める，2) 責める、3) 迫める) - 1) to attack, 2) to blame, 3) to threaten (transitive verb) -
<se-ma-ru> (せまる、迫る) - to reach a place to attack or threaten (intransitive verb)
so-mu --> modern forms 1)
<so-me-ru> (そめる、染める) - to dye (transitive verb), 2) <so-ma-ru> (そまる、染まる) to get dyed (intransitive verb)
ta-mu --> modern forms 1)
<ta-me-ru>
(ためる、貯める) - to save (money), to pile st up (transitive verb), 2)
<ta-ma-ru> (たまる、貯まる) - - to be saved (money), to pile up
(intransitive verb)
ta-mu --> modern forms 1)
<ta-me-ru> (ためる、矯める) - to correct, to straighten (transitive verb)
tsu-mu --> modern forms 1)
＜tsu-me-ru> (つめる、詰める) - to put some stiff to (transitive verb), 2)
＜tsu-ma-ru> (つまる、詰まる) -- to get congested (intransitive verb)"
tsu-mu (つむ、1) 積む、摘む) - 1) to pile st up, to pack up, 2) to pluck (transitive verb)
to-mu (とむ、富む) - to become rich
ｎa-mu --> modern form <na-
me-ru> (なめる） - to lick
no-mu (のむ、飲む) - to drink
ha-mu (はむ、食む) - to eat (old usage)
ha-mu --> modern forms 1)
＜ha-me-ru> (はめる、嵌める) to mach st to st (mostly physically, transitive verb), 2)
＜ha-ma-ru> (はまる、嵌まる)- st to be matched to st (intransitive verb)
hu-mu (ふむ、踏む)
- to step on, to tread on
ho-mu --> modern forms 1)
<ho-me-ru> (ほめる、褒める) - parise
mo-mu (もむ、揉む) - to move a hand or hands to make something soften
ya-mu (やむ、病む) - to become sick <ya-me-
ru > (やめる、ya-
me-ru) - being sick (adjective)
ya-mu (やむ、止む)
- to stop, to cease (intransitive verb) <ya-me-
ru> (やめる、1) 止める、辞める) - 1) to stop, to cease (intransitive verb), 2) to resign (intransitive verb)
yo-mu (よむ、読む
) - to read (transitive verb)
1) The modern forms are three syllable verbs.
The above Japanese and English seem rather complicated. This is because I have added possible old forms and shown in
italic, some
of which are still used now without noticing them as old usage. As far
as the modern uses are concerned the possible combination are not
too many not too few or relatively many and especially in the <a>,
<o>and <u> rows by following the general rule. You can find
the modern forms easily by seeing only the bold typed verbs. The old
verbs have changed but in a very regular way. This has brought me an
grammatical interest so I will explain this more below.
I
use the differentiation of Transitive verb and Intransitive verb for
this group for more systematic understanding. Please note again <the
Japanese verbs are used in fairy different grammatical structured
from English. Some verbs are regarded as used as transitive verb and
some are regarded used as intransitive verb but the differences are not
so distinctive as English>.
a) Modern Transitive verbs
a-mu (あむ、編む) - to knit, to weave
i-mu (いむ、忌む) - to avoid (bad omen)
u-mu (うむ、生む)
- to give birth, to produce
ka-mu (かむ、咬む) - to bite
ka-mu (かむ、鼻をかむ) - to blow (one's nose)
ku-mu (くむ、組む) - to make a pair, to construct
ku-mu (くむ、汲む) - to scoop (water)
tsu-mu (つむ、積む、摘む) - to pile up, to pack up, to pluck
no-mu (のむ、飲む) - to drink
ha-mu (はむ、食む) - to eat (old usage)
hu-mu (ふむ、踏む)
- to step on, to tread on
mo-mu (もむ、揉む) - to move a hand or hands to make something soften
ya-mu (やむ、病む) - to become sick (Intransitive verb as well)
yo-mu (よむ、読む) - to read
i)
to change <u> to <e> and + <ru>
a-mu (あむ、編む)
--> a-me-ru (あめる、編める) - to
be able to knit, to
be able to weave
or
to
be knit-able, to
be weav-able
i-mu (いむ、忌む)
--> i-me-ru (いめる、忌める) - to
be able to avoid (bad omen) or to
be avoid-able
u-mu (うむ、生む)
--> u-me-ru (うめる、生める)
- to
be able to give birth, to
be able to produce or
to
be give-birth-able, to be
produce-able
ka-mu (かむ、咬む)
--> ka-me-ru (かめる、咬める) - to
be able to bite or to
be bite-able
ka-mu (かむ、鼻をかむ)
--> ka-me-ru (かめる、鼻をかめる) - to
be able to to blow (one's nose) or to
be blow-able
ku-mu (くむ、組む)
--> ku-me-ru (くめる、組める) - to
be able to make a pair, to
be able to construct or to
be make a pair-able, to
be construct-able
ku-mu (くむ、汲む)
--> ku-me-ru (くめる、汲める) - to
be able to scoop (water) or to
be scoop-able
tsu-mu (つむ、積む、摘む)
--> tsu-me-ru (つめる、積める、摘める) - to
be able to pile up, to
be able to pack up, to
be able to pluck or
be pile-up-able, to
be pack-up-able, to
be pluckable
no-mu (のむ、飲む)
--> no-me-ru (のめる、飲める) - to
be able to drink or to
be drink-able
ha-mu (はむ、食む)
--> ha-me-ru (はめる、食める) - to
be able to eat (old usage) or to
be eat-able
hu-mu (ふむ、踏む)
--> hu-me-ru (ふめる、踏める)
- to
be able to step on, to
be able to tread on or
to
be step-on-able, to
be tread-on-able
mo-mu (もむ、揉む)
--> mo-me-ru (もめる、揉める) - to
be able to move a hand or hands to make something soften or to
be (a hand or hands)
move-able
ya-mu (やむ、病む)
--> ya-me-ru (やめる、病める) - to
be able to become sick (Intransitive verb as well) (*) or to
be sicken-able (*)
yo-mu (よむ、読む)
--> yo-me-ru (よめる、読める) - to
be able to read or to
be readable
Except
<ya-mu>
the change of the meaning of all these verbs are the same - to be able
to xxxx or to be xxxx-able. <able> means usually <ability>
or in some cases <probability>.
2 -7 -ru
a-ru,
ka-ru,
sa-ru,
ta-ru,
na-ru,
ha-ru, ma-ru
, ya-ru, ra-ru,
wa-ru
i-ru,
ki-ru,
shi-ru,
chi-ru,
ni-ru,
hi-ru,
mi-ru,
(i-ru), ri-ru, ---
u-ru,
ku-ru,
su-ru,
tsu-ru,
nu-ru,
hu-ru,
mu-ru, yu-ru, ru-ru, ---
e-ru,
ke-ru,
se-ru,
te-ru,
ne-ru,
he-ru, me-ru, ye-ru, re-ru, ---
o-ru,
ko-ru,
so-ru,
to-ru,
no-ru,
ho-ru,
mo-ru,
yo-ru, ro-ru, ---
Almost
perfect combination. <-ru> ending can be called as the verb making
suffix. As mentioned earlier <r> sound does not come first in the
original Japanese words. Instead <ru> is devoted its function in making
verbs.
<yu-ru> can be regarded as <u-ru> and
<ye-re> as <e-ru> and <u-ru> and <e-ru> are
closely related too. <ma-ru>, <me-ru> and <mu-ru> are not used an
independent verbs but <ma-ru> and <me-ru> used commonly as quasi-helping verbs.
See below.
a-ru (ある、在る、有る) - to be(non human), to exist
i-ru (いる、1) 射る、2) 鋳る、3) 煎る) - 1) to shoot; 2) to cast; 3) to xxxx
i-ru (いる、1) 居る、2) 入る、3) 要る) - 1) to be (human); 2) to enter; 3) to need, to require
u-ru (うる、得る) - to obtain
u-ru (うる、売る) - to sell
e-ru (える、1) 得る、2) 選る) - 1) to obtain; 2) to select
o-ru (おる、1) 折る、2) 織る、3) 居る also いる（
i-ru)) - 1) to fold; 2) to weave; 3) to be
ka-ru (かる、1) 刈る、2) 狩る、3) 駆る、4) 借る) - 1) to cut with a xxxx; 2) to hunt; 3) to run; 4) to borrow
ki-ru (きる、切る) - to cut
ki-ru (きる、着る) - to put on (clothes), to wear
ku-ru (くる、来る) - to come
ku-ru (くる、1) 繰る、2) 刳る) - 1) to pull (a string); 2) to cut out a hollow (with a knife)
ke-ru (ける、蹴る) - to kick
ko-ru (こる、1), 2) 凝る) - 1) to become solidified, to become soared (a part of the body), 2) to be interested in st heavily
sa-ru (さる、去る) - to leave
shi-ru (しる、1) 知る、2) 痴れる) - 1) to know; 2) to become stupid, to be stupified (2) is not a commonly used verb).
su-ru (する、1) 刷る、摺る、2) 擦る、3) 掏る) - 1) to print; 2) to rub; 3) to pick pocket
su-ru (する) - to do
se-ru (せる、競る) - to compete
so-ru (そる、1) 反る、2) 剃る) - 1) to bend; 2) to shave
ta-ru (たる、足る) - to suffice ( (intransitive verb)
chi-ru (ちる、散る) - to fall, to scatter (intransitive verb)
tsu-ru (つる、1) 釣る、2) 吊る) - 1) to do fishing; 2) to suspend
te-ru (てる、照る) - to shine (intransitive verb)
to-ru (とる、1) 取る、2) 盗る、3) 採る、4) 撮る、5) 執る)
- 1) to take, 2) to steal, 3) to pick up (transitive verb); 4) to take (picture); 5) to manage, to lead
na-ru (なる、成る) - to become
na-ru (なる、鳴る) - to ring (intransitive verb)
ni-ru (にる、1) 似る、2) 煮る) - 1) to resemble (intransitive verb), 2) to cook
nu-ru (ぬる、塗る) - to paint (transitive verb)
ne-ru (ねる、練る、煉る) - to xxxx (transitive verb)
ne-ru (ねる、寝る) - to sleep (intransitive verb)
no-ru (のる、乗る、載る) - to ride (intransitive verb); to xxxx
ha-ru (はる、張る、貼る) - to atttach (transitive verb)
hi-ru (ひる、簸る)
- to xxxx
he-ru (へる、経る)
- to pass over (transitive verb)
he-ru (へる、減る) - to decrease (intransitive verb)
ho-ru (ほる、掘る、彫る)
- to dig; to carve (transitive verb)
ma-ru
mi-ru (みる、見る)
- to see (transitive verb)
mu-ru
me-ru
mo-ru (もる、漏る)
- to leek (intransitive verb)
mo-ru (もる、盛る) - to pile up (transitive verb)
ya-ru (やる、遣る) - to send (transitive verb)
yo-ru (よる、選る)
- to select (transitive verb)
yo-ru (よる、寄る、拠る、因る) - to approach; to derive, (intransitive verb)
wa-ru (わる、割る) - to break (transitive verb)
-----
To continue to do the same way as above
to change <u> to <e> and + <ru>
a-re-ru (あれる、在れる、有れる) - to
be able to be (non human), to
be able to exist.
a-re-ru does not exists as these meaning. Only
a-re-ru (あれる、荒れる) - to go wiled - exists. Its transitive verb form is
a-ra-su - to make something rough, wild, not peaceful. If you want to say ＜to
be able to be (non human), to
be able to exist＞ you may say ＜
a-ri-e-ru＞(ありえる、在（有）りえる)＞.
i-re-ru (いれる、1) 射れる、2) 鋳れる、3) 煎れる) - 1) to
be able to shoot; 2) to
be able to cast; 3) to
be able to xxxx.
i-ra-se-ru (いらせる) and
i-ra-sa-se-ru (いらさせる) are also possible.
i-re-ru (いれる、1) 居れる、2) 入れる、3) 要れる)
1)
i-re-ru (いれる、1) 居れる) - to
be able to be (human) - This is possible as the meaning of being able to stay. If you want to say ＜to
be able to be, to
be able to exist＞ you may say ＜
a-ra-re-ru (いられる)＞.
2)
i-re-ru (いれる、2) 入れる) - to
be able to enter. This is wrong. You should say ＜
ha-i-re-ru (はいれる、) 入（はい）れる＞
3)
i-re-ru (いれる、3) 要れる) to
be able to need, to require. This does not exist as in Englsh ＜to be able to need＞ does not make sense.
u-re-ru (うれる、得れる) - to
be able to obtain. This does not exist and should be
e-re-ru (えれる、1) 得れる). See below.
u-re-ru (うれる、売れる) - to
be able to sell. It also means ＜to sell well＞ as intransitive verb. These two meanings are sometimes ambiguous and not only <
u-re-ru (うれる、売れる)> but some other verbs as well.
e-re-ru (えれる、1) 得れる、2) 選れる) - 1) to
be able to obtain; 2) to
be able to to
select.
e-ra-re-ru (えられる）is also used.
o-re-ru (おれる、1) 折れる、2) 織れる、3) 居れる) 1) to
be able to fold, to break (a long thing like a pencil) ; 2) to
be able to weave; 3) to
be able to stay.
ka-re-ru (かれる、1) 刈れる、2) 狩れる、3) 駆れる、4) 借れる) - 1) to
be able to cut with a scythe; 2) to
be able to hunt; 3) to
be able to run, to drive, to drive; 4) to
be able to to borrow (this is wrong). This should be
ka-ri-re-ru (かりれる、4) 借りれる) or more appropriately
ka-ri-ra-re-ru (かりれる、4) 借りられる) though a bit to long.
ki-re-ru (きれる、切れる) - to
be able to cut. Like
to sell well,
ki-re-ru (きれる、切れる) is also used as intransitive verb.
ki-re-ru (きれる、着れる) - to
be able to put on (clothes), to wear. Or more appropriately
ki-ra-re-ru (きられる、着られる).
mi-re-ru (みれる、見れる)
- to
be able to see (transitive verb). Or more appropriately
mi-ra-re-ru (みられる、見られる).
ni-re-ru (にれる、似れる) - 1) to
be able to resemble. This is wrong. This should be
ni-se-re-ru (にせれる、似せれる) or
ni-se-ra-re-ru (にせられる、似せられる) but rarely used.
ko-re-ru (
これる、来れる) - to
be able to come.
ko-ra-re-ru (
こられる、来られる) is more appropriate but this is also regarded as a polite (respectful) form of
to come.
ku-re-ru (くれる、1) 繰れる、2) 刳れる) - 1) to
be able to pull (a string); 2) to
be able to to cut out a hollow (with a knife) - but seldom used in everyday life.
ke-re-ru (これる、凝れる) - 1) to
be able to become solidified,
be able to become soared (a part of the body). These do not make sense. 2) to
be able to be interested in st heavily - this is possible.
sa-re-ru (される、去れる) - to
be able to leave
shi-re-ru (しれる、1) 知れる, 2) 痴れる)
1) to
be able to know.. This is wrong.
shi-re-ru (しれる、1) 知れる) means
to become known.
2) to
be able to become stupid, to
be able to be stupified. These do not exist.
su-re-ru (すれる、1) 刷れる、摺れる、2) 擦れる、3) 掏れる)
1) to
be able to print.
2) to
be able to rub. This is wrong.
su-re-ru (すれる,2) 擦れる) becomes an intransitive verb - meaning - to be rubbed.
3) to
be able to pick pocket. Strange but possible.
su-re-ru (すれる) - to
be able to do. This form is wrong and do not exist. Then how o express - to
be able to do. Seems no simple expression in this sentence form. ＜to
be able to do＞ is ＜ｘｘ
wo-su-ru-ko-to-ga-de-ki-ru （ｘｘをすることができる）＞.
se-re-ru (せれる、競れる) - to
be able to compete
so-re-ru (それる、1) 反れる、2) 剃れる)
1) to
be able to bend. This is wrong.
so-re-ru (それる、1) 反れる) becomes an intransitive verb - meaning - to bend (intransitive verb), plus 2) not to hit (to avert) as intransitive verb
2) to
be able to shave. This is OK.
ta-re-ru (たれる、足れる) - to
be able to suffice. This is wrong and does not exist. ＜to suffice, or to be enough＞have somewhat a meaning of
being able to. ＜to suffice, or to be enough＞is
ta-ri-ru (たりる、足りる) and do not have a meaning of
being able to suffice or enough.
chi-re-ru (ちれる、散れる) - to
be able to fall, to
be able to scatter (intransitive verb). Seldom used but possible.
tsu-re-ru (つれる、1) 釣れる、2) 吊れる)
1) to
be able to do fishing. It also means
to do fishing as intransitive verb like
to sell (well),
to cut (well)
2) to
be able to suspend
te-re-ru (てれる、照れる) - to
be able to shine (intransitive verb). This does not exist.
te-re-ru (てれる、照れる) has a completely different meaning of to feel or behave shy, which is very commonly found Japanese men and women,
to-re-ru (とれる、1) 取れる、2) 盗れる、3) 採れる、4) 撮れる、5) 執れる)
- 1) to
be able to take. Also it means
to come (go) off, to detach (intransitive verb)
2) to
be able to steal, 3) to
be able to pick up (transitive verb); 4) to
be able to take (picture); 5) to
be able to manage, to
be able to lead.
na-re-ru (なれる、成れる) - to
be able to become. This verb does exist
na-re-ru (なれる、鳴れる) - to
be able to sound. The original
na-ru (なる、鳴る) - to sound (intransitive verb). This does not exist
ni-re-ru (にれる、似れる) - to
be able to resemble (intransitive verb). Possible but this verb is rarely used.
ni-re-ru (にらす、 煮らす) - to
be able to cook . Also as an intransitive verb like
to sell (well),
to cut (well).
nu-re-ru (ぬれる、塗れる) - to
be able to paint (transitive verb)
ne-re-ru (ねれる、練れる、煉れる) - to
be able to xxxx (transitive verb)
ne-re-ru (ねれる、寝れる) - to
be able to sleep.
no-re-ru (のれる、1) 乗れる、2) 載れる) - 1) to to
be able to ride (intransitive verb); 2) to to
be able to xxxx
ha-re-ru (はれる、張れる、貼れる) - to
be able to attach (transitive verb)
hi-re-ru (ひれる、簸れる)
- to
be able to xxxx
he-re-ru (へれる、経れる)
- to
be able to pass (over) (both intransitive and transitive verb). Possible but rarely used.
he-re-ru (へらす、減らす) - to
be able to decrease (intransitive verb)
ho-re-ru (ほれる、掘れる、彫れる)
- to
make (let) sb/st dig; to
make (let) sb/st carve (transitive verb)
ma-r
a-su
mi-re-ru (みれる、見れる)
- to
be able to see (transitive verb). Also .
mi-ra-re-ru (みられる、見られる), which is more appropriate.
mu-
re-ru （蒸れる）－to
be able to steam (transitive verb). Strange but no intransitive verb of mu-r
a-su（蒸らす）, (which should be
mu-ru but does not exist). Instead
mu-re-ru （蒸れる）is the intransitive verb form.
me-
re-ru
mo-re-ru (もれる、漏れる)
- to
be able to leek. This does not exist. The meaning of
mo-re-ru (もれる、漏れる) is to leak (as intransitivre verb). When ＜to leak＞is transitive verb the Japanese is
mo-ra-su (もらす、漏らす)
mo-re-ru ((もれる、盛る) - to
be able to pile up
ya-re-ru (やれる、遣れる) - to
be able to send
yo-re-ru (よれる、選れる)
- to
be able to select
yo-re-ru (よれる、寄れる、拠れる、因れる) - to
be able to approach; to
be able to derive,
wa-re-ru (われる、割れる) - to
make (let) sb/st break
-----
Something in common -1
ta-be-ru (たべる、食る）is
ta-be-ra-re-ru (たべられる、食られる）- to
be able to eat (normal, not vulgar). Some young people or people in some area (as a dialect) use
ta-be-re-ru (たべれる、食れる).
ko-e-ru (こ
える、越える) has another meaning - to pass (over), to cross (over), to
surpass, which are more often heard and used but has no meaning of
<able>. If you want to say - to be able to pass, cross, surpass,
you must say
ko-e-ra-re-ru (こえられる、越えられる).
ko-e-re-ru (こえれる、越えれる)
can be possible..
su-e-ru (す
える、据える) has another meaning - to set, to place (no meaning of
<able>. If you want to say - to be able to to set, to place, you
must say
su-e-ra-re-ru (すえられる、据えられる).
su-e-re-ru (すえれる、据えれる)
can be possible.
ki-re-ru (きれる、着れる) - to
be able to put on (clothes), to wear. Or more appropriately
ki-ra-re-ru (きられる、着られる).
mi-re-ru (みれる、見れる)
- to
be able to see (transitive verb). Or more appropriately
mi-ra-re-ru (みられる、見られる)
ko-re-ru (
これる、来れる) - to
be able to come.
ko-ra-re-ru (
こられる、来られる) is more appropriate but this is also regarded as a polite (respectful) form of
to come.
-----
Something in common -2
sa-ke-ru (さける、1) 裂ける、2) 割ける)
- 1) to
be able to split, to cut (into pieces), 2) t
be able to divide. Besides these meanings
sa-ke-ru (さける、1) 裂ける、2) 割ける) have the following meanings:
sa-ke-ru (さける、1) 裂ける)
- 1) to
become split, cut (into pieces).
sa-ke-ru (さける、2) 割ける)
- 2) to
become divided
.
su-ke-ru (すける、2) 透ける) - 2) to
be able to be seen through. It also means -
to become seen through.
se-ke-ru (せける、急ける)
- to
be able to make haste. This verb does not exist.
ta-ke-ru(たける、1) 炊ける、2) 焚ける) - 1) to
be able to cook (food); 2) to
be able to burn (fire). It also mean -1) to
become cooked (food); 2) to
become burnt (by fire).
to-ke-ru (とける、1) 解ける、2) 溶ける、3)説ける)
- 1) to
be able to solve, 2) to
be able to dissolve, 3) to
be able to preach (to talk).
to-ke-ru (とける、2) 溶ける)
- also means - to become solved, to become dissolved.
na-ke-ru (なける、1) 泣ける、2) 鳴ける)
- 1) to
be able to cry, 2) to
be able to sing (a bird).
na-ke-ru (なける、1) 泣ける) may also mean - to
become to cry. The English <
to become to cry> sounds strange and it means like - to become a mood of crying.
nu-ke-ru (ぬける、1) 抜ける、2) 抜ける、3) 貫ける)
- 1) to
be able to pull out, 2) to
be able to pass over, 3) to
be able to go (get) through.
nu-ke-ru (ぬける、1) 抜ける) also means -
- 1) to
become pulled out.
no-ke-ru (のける、退ける)
- to
be able to retreat ---> to take sb/st out, aside.
ya-ke-ru (やける、焼ける)
- to
be able to grill, to
be able to burn. It also means - to
become grilled, burnt.
nu-ge-ru (ぬげる、脱げる)
- to
be able to take off (clothes, shoes). Also means to become come (go) off.
ha-ge-ru (はげる、剥げる) - to
be able to peel off。 Also means to peel off o to become peeled off.
ho-ge-ru(ほげる) - to
be able to xxxx; to
be able to dissolve. Also means to
dissolve o
r to become
dissolved.
mo-ge-ru (もげる)
- to
be able to pluck off.
mo-ga-su is rarely used.
Also means to
dissolve o
r to become pluck
ed off.
u-re-ru (うれる、売れる) - to
be able to sell. It also means ＜to sell well＞ as intransitive verb. These two meanings are sometimes ambiguous and not only <
u-re-ru (うれる、売れる)> but some other verbs as well.
ki-re-ru (きれる、切れる) - to
be able to cut. Like
to sell well,
ki-re-ru (きれる、切れる) is also used as intransitive verb.
ki-re-ru (きれる、着れる) - to
be able to put on (clothes), to wear. Or more appropriately
ki-ra-re-ru (きられる、着られる).
shi-re-ru (しれる、1) 知れる, 2) 痴れる)
1) to
be able to know.. This is wrong.
shi-re-ru (しれる、1) 知れる) means
to become known.
su-re-ru (すれる、1) 刷れる、摺れる、2) 擦れる、3) 掏れる)
2) to
be able to rub. This is wrong.
su-re-ru (すれる,2) 擦れる) becomes an intransitive verb - meaning - to be rubbed.
so-re-ru (それる、1) 反れる、2) 剃れる)
1) to
be able to bend. This is wrong.
so-re-ru (そ
れる、1) 反れる) becomes an intransitive verb - meaning - to bend
(intransitive verb), plus 2) not to hit (to avert) as intransitive verb
2) to
be able to shave. This is OK.
te-re-ru (てれる、照れる) - to
be able to shine (intransitive verb). This does not exist.
te-re-ru (てれる、照れる) has a completely different meaning of to feel or behave shy, which is very commonly found Japanese men and women,
to-re-ru (とれる、1) 取れる、2) 盗れる、3) 採れる、4) 撮れる、5) 執れる)
- 1) to
be able to take
. Also it means
to come (go) off, to detach (intransitive verb)
mu-
re-ru （蒸れる）－to
be able to steam (transitive verb). Strange but no intransitive verb of mu-r
a-su（蒸らす）, (which should be
mu-ru but does not exist). Instead
mu-re-ru （蒸れる）is the intransitive verb form.
sptt
