＜before＞ and ＜after＞ in Native Japanese

How do you say ＜before＞ and ＜after＞ in Native Japanese?

In terms of location

before - ma-e (まえ、Chinese character 前)
There is a car before me.  - Watashi no mae ni kuruma ga aru. わたしのまえにくるまがある。
As ＜ma-e (まえ)＞ is not a preposition but a noun you need to put an helping word ＜ni, に＞ (at).

behind - u-shi-ro (うしろ、Chinese character 後)
There is a car behind me.  - Watashi no ushiro ni kuruma ga aru. わたしのうしろにくろまがある。
As ＜u-shi-ro (うしろ)＞ is not a preposition but a noun you need to put an helping word ＜ni, に＞ (at).

after - a-to (あと、Chinese character is also 後)
I will go behind (after) you. （I will follow you.) - Watashi wa anata no ato kara ikimasu. わたしはあなたのあとからいきます。
As ＜a-to (あと)＞ is not a preposition but a noun you need to put an helping word ＜kara, から＞ (from).

We have no prepositions in Japanese we use helping words (jyoshi, 助詞) instead.

In terms of time

before - ma-e (まえ、Chinese character 前)
Two year before.  - ninen mae (ni)  にねんまえ（に）
As ＜ma-e (まえ)＞ can be used as a noun as well as a adverb you can omit <ni, に> this time. Adding <ni, に> is not a mistake.

behind - a-to (あと、Chinese character is also 後)
Two years later or after two years - ninen ato (ni)  にねんあと（に）
As a-to (あと) can be used as a noun as well as an adverb you can omit ＜ni, に＞ like ＜ma-e (まえ)＞.

＜u-shi-ro (うしろ)＞ is not used in a time frame.

Either English or Japanese you can find a strange thing.

In terms of location

before  - in front
after  - behind

In terms of time 

before  - behind, backward
after  -  in front, forward

You can find this in most other languages - in Chinese too. Why does this conversion between location and time happen ?
Possible answer: People tend to look back in time frame while we see forward physically in terms of location.

sptt

morning, daytime, noon, evening, night

Continuation from <yesterday, today, tomorrow>

morning - a-sa あさ（朝）, a-sa-ga-ta あさがた（朝方）
daytime, noon - hi-ru ひる（昼）, hi-ru-ma ひるま（昼間）
evening - yu-u ゆう（夕）, yu-u-ga-ta ゆうがた（夕方）
night - yo よ（夜）, yo-ru よる（夜）

<ga-ta がた> means "around (about)" in the above so < a-sa-ga-ta あさがた> means "around morning" and <yu-u-ga-ta ゆうがた> means "around evening".

<hi, ひ 日> of <hi-ru ひる> means "day" and "day time".

<ru > is used both in <hi-ru ひる> and <yo-ru よる> but the origin is not well known, and the stress (intonation) differs - hi-ru (ru is stressed) but yo-ru (yo is stressed).

<yu-u-be ゆうべ> means "evening" as well as "last night" or "yesterday evening".


sptt

yesterday, today, tomorrow

Yesterday, today, tomorrow are very frequently used in our everyday life. Not often as these three but the day before yesterday and the day after tomorrow are also used. How do you say in Japanese?

the day before yesterday - o-to-to-i  おととい
yesterday - ki-no-u or ki-no-o  きのう
today - kyo-u or kyo-o  きょう
tomorrow - a-su あす or a-shi-ta あした
the day after tomorrow - a-sa-tte あさって

These are all Native Japanese. We have the Chinese origin words for these and use in some occasions (usually in somehow official occasions and in writing) but we here only talk about the Native Japanese words.

Unlike English there seems no word for <day> used. <Day> is <hi, ひ（Chinese character、日)> in Native Japanese. Actually <day> is <hi, ひ> is hudden. As these words have been so frequently used the pronunciation has been deformed (changed).

the day before yesterday - o-to-to-i  おととい
The final syllable highly likely should have been <hi, ひ>.

yesterday - ki-no-u or ki-no-o  きのう
The final syllable used be pronounced as <hu, ふ>（used be written as ki-no-hu (fu) きのふ ）. This hu (fu) ふ may have originally been pronounced as <hi (fi), ひ>

today - kyo-u or kyo-o  きょう
Likewise the final syllable used be pronounced as <hu, ふ>（used be written as ke-hu (fu) けふ ）. This hu (fu) ふ may have originally been pronounced as <hi (fi), ひ> .

tomorrow - a-shi-ta あした
< a-shi-ta あした> also means "morning" although archaic. This may remind you that in German "(der) Morgen" (noun) means "morning" while "morgen" (adverb) means "tomorrow". The transitions processes are similar. Beside we have the following (not forward but backward).

<yu-u-be ゆうべ> means "evening" as well as "last night (evening)".


sptt

Transitive and Intransitive verbs in Native Japanese

The difference of Transitive and Intransitive verbs may be a great grammatical issue in any language and so is in Native Japanese. When one verb is defined as a Transitive verb in one language (say English) and the (almost) equivalent verb in another language (say Japanese) is defined as an Intransitive verb it causes a problem, and you will face this problem quite often when you learn Japanese.

Verbs show the perception of human beings how they see the world going on.


sptt

Two syllable verb + verb ＜tsu-ku＞ and verb ＜tsu-ke-ru＞

We once introduced the verb <tsu-ku> as versatile meaning verbs as below:

突く（つく, tsu-ku) - to push with some tool with a point. Transitive verb.

着く（つく, tsu-ku) - to arrive. Intransitive verb. Transitive verb is 着ける（つける, tsu-ke-ru). The accent shifts from <tsu> to <ke>.

付く（つく, tsu-ku) - to attach. Intransitive verb. Transitive verb is 付ける（つける, tsu-ke-ru). The accent shifts from <tsu> to <ke>.

衝く (つく, tsu-ku) - to attack at a narrow area. Transitive verb.

尽 く (つく, tsu-ku) - to use up, to reach the end. Transitive verb (as taking を(o) after a direcr object) or Intransitive verb (in case of not taking を(o) and no direcr object)

憑く (つく, tsu-ku) - to attach, mentally or psychologically. Intransitive verb. Seems no Transitive verb.

点く (つく, tsu-ku) - to turn on, to catch fire. 着く or 付く is also used for this use. Intransitive verb. Transitive verb is 点ける（つける, tsu-ke-ru). The accent shifts from <tsu> to <ke>.

When we use a Chinese character in writing the meanings differ but the pronunciations are all the same, which means no difference in pronouncing and hearing them. In Tokyo accent (regarded as the standard Japanese) <tsu-> of <tsu-ku> has an accent when the verbs work an intransitive verbs while <-ku> of <tsu-ku> has an accent when the verbs work as transitive verbs (two verbs - 突く（つく, tsu-ku) and 衝く (つく, tsu-ku), very similar meaning) and 尽 く (つく, tsu-ku).

尽 く (つく, tsu-ku) (to use up, to reach the end. Transitive verb.) is still used now but an old form and limited in use. One example: ＜kane ga soko-wo tsu-ku (金が底を尽 く), literally, the money reaches the bottom.＞The modern form is

尽きる (つきる, tsu-ki-ru, the accent is on<-ki->). The meaning remains the same - - to use up, to reach the end but Intransitive verb.

-----

Now we will use  <tsu-ku、つく> and <tsu-ke-ru, つける> to make four and five syllable verbs, respectively by adding one of these to the two syllable verbs we leaned before. <tsu-ku、つく> and <tsu-ke-ru, つける> become more versatile in this way. This is a verb making play and you may get very easily more than 100 new Japanese verbs by playing not to mention <without tears and toils>.

The important thing is that you cannot simply add  <tsu-ku、つく> or <tsu-ke-ru, つける> to a Two syllable verb. You must change the form of a Two syllable verb, to which <tsu-ku、つく> or <tsu-ke-ru, つける> is  added. The Two syllable verb which you shall add <tsu-ku、つく> or <tsu-ke-ru must be changed its form, which we could call Japanese verb conjugation and very grammatical and simple.

1.  ending <vowel u>

i-u (いう、言う) - to say  －－＞i-i-tsu-ke-ru (いいつける、言いつける) - to let someone know by reporting
o-u　(おう、追う) - to follow  －－＞o-i-tsu-ku (おいつく、追いつつく - to catch up
ka-u  (かう、飼う） - 2) to feed (an animal)
ka-u  (かう、買う） - 2) to buy
ku-u  (くう、食う) - to eat (vulgar), the polite form is <ta-be-ru> (たべる、食る）.

ko-u  (こう、1) 乞う、2) 請う) - 1) to beg, 2 )to ask for

su-u  (すう、吸う) - to swallow, to absorb, to take (a breath), to smoke (a cigarette)
so-u  (そう、1) 沿う、2) 添う) - 1) to go (be) along with, 2) to accompany 
to-u  (とう、問う) - to ask (a question)

na-u  (なう) - to twist (straws to make a rope). Rarely used in the modern life.
nu-u  (ぬう、縫う) - to sew

ha-u  (はう) - to crawl, to creep

yo-u  (よう、酔う) - to get drunken, to get seasick, or more generally to get motion sickness

Not many combinations are used. Most of the above <-u> endings are originally <-hu> ending. <hu> is a rather special pronunciation so it is a bit difficult to produce it the same or very similar manner by different people and so to hear clearly.
No analysis on these verbs as I cannot find any rules or groupings in them except only 1) one verb in the <-i> row and 2) no verb in the <-e> row, which is common for the other groups too and typical in the verb making system. This is probably because <i> and <e> are not so clearly pronounced (closed or backward vowels) and not so clearly heard either while<a> and <o> are clearly pronounced (open or front vowels).

2.  ending <consonant + u>: - ku, -su, -tsu, -nu, -hu, -mu, -yu, -ru,

2 -1 -ku

a-ku,  ka-ku,  sa-ku,   ta-ku,   na-ku,  ha-ku,  ma-ku,  ya-ku,   ra-ku, wa-ku

i-ku,  ki-ku,   shi-ku,   chi-ku,   ni-ku,   hi-ku,   mi-ku,    (i-ku),   ri-ku, ---

u-ku,  ku-ku,  su-ku,   tsu-ku,  nu-ku,  hu-ku,  mu-ku,   yu-ku,  ru-ku, ---

e-ku,  ke-ku,   se-ku,    te-ku,    ne-ku,  he-ku,   me-ku,    ye-ku,   re-ku, ---

o-ku,  ko-ku,  so-ku,    to-ku,    no-ku,  ho-ku,  mo-ku,   yo-ku,   ro-ku, ---

a-ku (あく、飽く)　- to get tired of, to get bored (in)

a-ku (あく、1) 開く、2) 空く)  - 1) to open, 2) to become empty

i-ku (いく、行く)  - to go

u-ku (うく、浮く)  - to float

u-ku (うく、憂く)  - to worry

o-ku (おく、置く)  - to put, to place
ka-ku (かく、1) 書く、2) 掻く)  - 1) to write; 2) to scratch (in the very old days, to write by scratching on something)
ka-ku (かく、欠く)  - to be insufficient, not to suffice
ki-ku (きく、1) 聞く、2) 効く)  - 1) to listen to ;  2) to work, to show effect
ko-ku (こく)  - to ? 
sa-ku (さく、1) 裂く、2) 割く)  - 1) to split, to cut (into  pieces), 2) to divide
sa-ku (さく、咲く)  - to broom
shi-ku (しく、敷く)  - to pave, to cover over (something)
shi-ku (しく、如く)  - to exceed ( seldom used and when used it usually takes <not>)
su-ku (すく、好く)  -  to like, to favor
su-ku (すく、1) 空く、2) 透く、3) 梳く)  - 1) to become empty, 2) to be seen through 3) to xxxx
se-ku (せく、急く)  - to make haste

ta-ku (たく、炊く、焚く)  - to cook (food), to burn (fire)

tsu-ku (つく、突く、衝く)  - to push, to stick, to attack

tsu-ku (つく、1) 付く、2) 着く、3)点く、4) 搗く、5)就く)   - 1) to attach (adhere) to, 2) to arrive, 3) to switch on, 4) to pound, 5) to take (a seat, a post). <tsu-ku> is a very versatile verb.
to-ku (とく、1) 解く、2) 溶く、3)説く) - 1) to solve, 2) to dissolve, 3) to preach (to talk)
na-ku (なく、泣く、鳴く)  - to cry, to sing (a bird)
nu-ku (抜く、抜く、貫く)  - to pull out, to pass over, to get through
no-ku (のく、退く) - to retreat
ha-ku (はく、1) 掃く、2) 吐く) - 1) to sweep, 2) to vomit, to make something (such as a lie)out from the mouth
ha-ku (はく、履く) - to ware, to put on (shoes)
hi-ku (ひく、1) 引く、2) 挽く、3) 弾く、4) 轢く、5) 退く) - 1) to pull, to draw, 2) to grind (beans, etc), 3) to play(a musical instrument), 4)  run over, 5) to retreat. <hi-ku> is a very versatile verb like <tsu-ku>.
hu-ku (ふく、1) 吹く、噴く、2) 葺く) - to blow, to explode, 2) to xxxx (a roof)
hu-ku (ふく、拭く) - to wipe with cloth
ma-ku (まく、蒔く) - to plant seeds
ma-ku (まく、巻く) - to wind up
mu-ku (むく、1) 向く、剥く) -1)  to turn (to a certain direction), 2) to peel off (peel, surface)
ya-ku (やく、焼く) - to grill, to burn
yu-ku (ゆく、行く) - to go
wa-ku (わく、沸く) - to boil

This group has quite many verbs, especially the <-a> row and <u> row followed by the <i> row and <-o> row. The <e> row has only one. So, the <-a> and <u> rows are fully filled up. The <o> rows misses <so-ku>, < ho-ku>, < mo-ku> but they have the variants <so-gu>, < ho-gu>, < mo-gu>as shown belwo in <-gu> ending.

<ku> has the viced vowel <gu>

 -gu

a-gu,  ka-gu,  sa-gu,   ta-gu,    na-gu,  ha-gu,   ma-gu,  ya-gu,  ra-gu, wa-gu

i-gu,   ki-gu,   shi-gu,  chi-gu,   ni-gu,   hi-gu,     mi-gu,   yi-gu,   ri-gu, ---

u-gu,  ku-gu,  su-gu,  tsu-gu,  nu-gu,  hu-gu,   mu-gu,   yu-gu,   ru-gu, ---

e-gu,  ke-gu,  se-gu,    te-gu,    ne-gu,   he-gu,    me-gu,   ye-gu,  re-gu, ---

o-gu,  ko-gu,  so-gu,  to-gu,   no-gu,   ho-gu,   mo-gu,   yo-gu,  ro-gu, ---


ka-gu (かぐ、嗅ぐ)  - to smell
ko-gu (こぐ、漕ぐ)  - to row
su-gu (すぐ、1) 直ぐ、2) 過ぐ) - 1) to make st straight ; 2) to pass
tsu-gu (つぐ、1) 告ぐ、2) 次ぐ、3) 注ぐ、4) 継ぐ、5) 接ぐ)  - 1) to tell, to inform ; 2) to pour; 3) to follow; 4) to succeed; 5) to connect
to-gu (とぐ、砥ぐ) - to sharpen
na-gu (なぐ、和ぐ、凪ぐ)  - to weaken , to calm down
nu-gu (ぬぐ、脱ぐ)  - to take off (clothes, shoes)
ha-gu (はぐ、剥ぐ)  - to peel off
ho-gu (ほぐ)  - to xxxx; to dissolve
mo-gu (もぐ)  - to pluck off


2 -2  -su

a-su,  ka-su,  sa-su,   ta-su,  na-su,  ha-su,  ma-su,  ya-su,  ra-su,  wa-su

i-su,   ki-su,   shi-su,  chi-su,  ni-su,    hi-su,    mi-su,   (i-su),   ri-su, ---

u-su,  ku-su,  su-su,    tsu-su,  nu-su,   hu-su,  mu-su,  yu-su,  ru-su, ---

e-su,  ke-su,  se-su,   te-su,    ne-su,   he-su,   me-su,   ye-su,   re-su, ---

o-su,  ko-su,  so-su,  to-su,    no-su,  ho-su,  mo-su,   yo-su,  ro-su, ---


o-su (おす、押す)  - to push
ka-su （化す、課す、嫁す）are Chinese origin.
ka-su (かす、貸す)  - to lend, to rent
ki-su　(きす、帰す、期す、記す）are Chinese origin.

ke-su (けす、消す)  - to extinguish, to erase
ko-su (こす、1) 越す，2)濾す)  -  1)to cross over, 2) to distill
sa-su (さす、指す　刺す、差す、挿す)  - 1) to indicate, to point out (指す), 2) to pierce, to sting (刺す), 3) to insert (差す、挿す)
shi-su (しす、死す) - Chinese origin. <shi (死)> + <su>. Refer to <shi-nu>.
ta-su (たす、足す)  - to add


na-su (なす、成す)   - to make, to achieve
no-su (のす、伸す、熨す)  - to lengthen, to flatten
hi -su (ひす、比す、秘す) 　are Chinese origin.　
hu-su (ふす、伏す)  - to crouch
ho-su (ほす、干す、乾す)  - to dry
ma-su (ます、増す)  - to increase (as Transitive verb)
mu-su (むす、蒸す)  - to steam
me-su (めす、召す)   - to call sb to come, to invite (in polite form, to eat, to ware)
mo-su　(もす、模す）　Chinese origin.

mo-su (もす、燃す) - to burn
yo-su (よす、寄す) - to gather st (to make st close) to (a certain point, side, place) (Transitive), to become close to st (Intransitive)
yo-su (よす) - not to dare to do, to give up xx-ing

We must be careful in this group as <su> is the helping verb <su>, a part of <su-ru> (to do), having a function to change a intransitive verb to a transitive verb. So, <na-su> can be considered as an independent two syllable verb but can be regarded as the transitive verb form of  <na-ru> (to become), ie   <na-ru> + <su> (to make) combination and <na-su> means <to make become>.  <ka-su> is also <ka-ru> (to borrow) + <su> --> to make borrow --> to lend. <mo-su> = <mo-yu> (to burn) + <su> --> to make burn.
Because of this <su> nature almost of all the above to syllable verbs ending <su> including the Chinese origin ones are Transitive verbs. some exceptions -  shi-su (しす、死す) is Intransitive (to die). sa-su (さす、差す) is sometimes used as Intransitive (to get (to come) in at a narrow space)
It is a way (an easy way) to make a Chinese verb to the equivalent Japanese verb - to add <su> in old time or <su-ru> in modern time to the Chinese verb. <su> or <su-ru> is necessary because without these the Chinese verb cannot conjugate in Japanese. The Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives do not conjugate at all. So if you already knows Chinese verbs you can used your Chinese verbs to make Japanese verbs with relative ease. But your Japanese  may sound more like Chinese when speaking while you may be regarded as more highly cultured when writing in this way.


<su> has the voiced sound <zu>

-zu

a-zu,  ka-zu,  sa-zu,  ta-zu,  na-zu,  ha-zu,  ma-zu,  ya-zu, ra-zu, wa-su

i-zu,  ki-zu,  shi-zu,  chi-zu,  ni-zu,  hi-zu,  mi-zu,  yi-zu, ri-zu, ---

u-zu,  ku-zu,  su-zu,  tsu-zu,  nu-zu,  hu-zu,  mu-zu,  yu-zu, ru-zu, ---

e-zu,  ke-zu,  se-zu,  te-zu,  ne-zu,  he-zu,  me-zu,  ye-zu, re-zu, ---

o-zu,  ko-zu,  so-zu,  to-zu,  no-zu,  ho-zu,  mo-zu,  yo-zu, ro-zu, ---


<zu> used to be used (or is used even now) as the helping verb (auxiliary verb) meaning <not> so it cannot be used as verb ending <-zu> to avoid confusion. However if you add one vowel after <zu> you can make some verbs like:

ki-zu-ku  (1) きづく、 1) 気付く；  2) きずく、築く)  － 1) to notice, 2) to build
tsu-zu-ku  or tsu-zu-ku (つづく、続く) 　－1) to cntinue, 2) to follow
ne-zu-ku  (ねづく、根付く) 　－ to become rooted
ha-zu-su  or ha-zu-su  (はずす、外す)　－　to set something aside
ha-zu-mu  or ha-zu-mu (はずむ、弾む)  －　to bound (up and down)
me-zu-ru  (めずる、愛ずる)  － to love, to be fond of
yu-zu-ru or yu-zu-ru (ゆずる、譲る)  － to give away


2 -3  -tsu

a-tsu,  ka-tsu,  sa-tsu,  ta-tsu,   na-tsu,  ha-tsu,  ma-tsu,  ya-tsu,  ra-tsu,  wa-tsu

i-tsu,  ki-tsu,   shi-tsu,  chi-tsu,  ni-tsu,  hi-tsu,   mi-tsu,    (i-tsu),  ri-tsu, ---

u-tsu,  ku-tsu,  su-tsu,  tsu-tsu,  nu-tsu,  hu-tsu,  mu-tsu,  yu-tsu,  ru-tsu, ---

e-tsu,  ke-tsu,  se-tsu,   te-tsu,    ne-tsu,  he-tsu,  me-tsu,  ye-tsu,  re-tsu, ---

o-tsu,  ko-tsu,  so-stu,  to-tsu,   no-tsu,  ho-tsu,  mo-tsu,  yo-tsu,  ro-tsu, ---


Not many, especially in the modern forms. This may be because <tsu> (つ) used to be used (or is used even now) as the helping verb (auxiliary verb) showing <past> or more like <perfect>.  The modern version of this <tsu> is <ta>. It is also used as the helping word (not verb) <tsu> (つ) or <tsu-tsu> (つつ) indicating or implying (not clearly showing) the meaning of <while xxing> or <to be xxing>. To avoid confusion there are not may verbs ending <-tsu> although the origin is not sure. Because of these <tsu> was limited to avoid confusion.

a-tsu --> modern form <a-te-ru> ( あてる、1) 当てる、2) 充てる、3) 宛てる)  - 1) to hit; 2) to assign; 3) to addreee
u-tsu (うつ、打つ)  - to hit, to beat, to strike, to flap
o-tsu --> modern form <o-chi-ru> (おちる、落ちる) to fall
ka-tsu (かつ、勝つ) - to win
（ke-tsu）　--> modern form <ke-chi-ru> (けちる、ケチる)　（＊）（ke-tsu）is not sure as the old form.
ku-tsu  --> modern form <ku-chi-ru> (くちる、朽ちる) to get old and fall
su-tsu (すつ、捨つ）--> modern form <su-te-ru> (すてる, 捨てる)  - to throw away, to dispose
ta-tsu (たつ、1) 立つ、2) 発つ、3) 経つ、4) 絶つ、5) 断つ、6) 裁つ) - 1) to stand up, to appear; 2) to leave; 3) to pass (time); to cut; 6) to cut (cloth)
ha-tsu --> modern form <ha-te-ru> (はてる)  - to end
ma-tsu (まつ、待つ) - to wait
mi-tsu (みつ、満つ） -->  modern form <mi-chi-ru> （みちる、満ちる) - to fill (intransitive verb)
mo-tsu (もつ、1) 持つ、2) もつ)  -1)  to have , to hold; 2) to endure

<tsu> has the voice vowel <dsu> but this <dsu> is almost same sound as <zu> now.


2 -4  -nu

a-nu,  ka-nu,  sa-nu,  ta-nu,  na-nu,  ha-nu,  ma-nu,  ya-nu, ra-nu, wa-nu

i-nu,  ki-nu,  shi-nu,  chi-nu,  ni-nu,  hi-nu,  mi-nu,  yi-nu, ri-nu, ---

u-nu,  ku-nu,  su-nu,  tsu-nu,  nu-nu,  hu-nu,  mu-nu,  yu-nu,  ru-nu, ---

e-nu,  ke-nu,  se-nu,  te-nu,  ne-nu,  he-nu,  me-nu,  ye-nu, re-nu, ---

o-nu,  ko-nu,  so-nu,  to-nu,  no-nu,  ho-nu,  mo-nu,  yo-nu, ro-nu, ---

I  have fund only one verb in this group - shi-nu. <nu> used to be used (or is used even now) as the helping verb (auxiliary verb) showing <past> or <perfect> so it cannot be used as verb ending <-nu> to avoid confusion.  <shi-nu> (しぬ、死 ぬ) seems an exception. But <shi> is not the original Japanese but came from China (死, now pronounced as <si> in Putonghua). And <to die> is usually used in the past or perfect <died or have died>. <shi-nu> is not the original Japanese two syllable verb.


2 -5  -hu

<hu> was merged to <u> so no verbs ending with <hu> now. But <hu> has the voice vowel <bu> and <bu> is used as the verb ending.

-bu

a-bu,  ka-bu,  sa-bu,   ta-bu,   na-bu,  ha-bu,  ma-bu,  ya-bu,  ra-bu, wa-nu

i-bu,  ki-bu,  shi-bu,  chi-bu,  ni-bu,  hi-bu,  mi-bu,   yi-bu,  ri-bu, ---

u-bu,  ku-bu,  su-bu,  tsu-bu,  nu-bu,  hu-bu, mu-bu,  yu-bu,  ru-bu, ---

e-bu,  ke-bu,  se-bu,  te-bu,   ne-bu,  he-bu,  me-bu,   ye-bu,  re-bu, ---

o-bu, ko-bu,  so-bu,  to-bu,  no-bu,  ho-bu,  mo-bu,  yo-bu,  ro-bu, ---

Not many and only, only four verbs in the <o> row and two of them are ols forms.

o-bu --> modern form <o-bi-ru> (おびる、帯びる) - to have, to show
to-bu (とぶ、1) 飛ぶ、2) 跳ぶ) - 1) to fly; 2) to jump
no-bu --> modern form <no-be-ru> (のべる、1) 述べる、2) 延べる) - 1) to tell; 2) to extend, to lengthen
yo-bu (よぶ、呼ぶ) - to call
 

2 -6  -mu

a-mu,  ka-mu,  sa-mu,   ta-mu,   na-mu,  ha-mu,  ma-mu,  ya-mu,  ra-mu,  wa-mu

i-mu,  ki-mu,   shi-mu,  chi-mu,   ni-mu,  hi-mu,   mi-mu,  (i-mu),  ri-mu, ---

u-mu,  ku-mu,  su-mu,  tsu-mu,  nu-mu,  hu-mu,  mu-mu,  yu-mu,  ru-mu, ---

e-mu,  ke-mu,   se-mu,   te-mu,     ne-mu,  he-mu,   me-mu,  ye-mu,  re-mu, ---

o-mu,  ko-mu,  so-mu,  to-mu,   no-mu,  ho-mu,  mo-mu,  yo-mu,  ro-mu, ---


a-mu (あむ、編む)  - to knit, to weave　　　 a-mi (あみ、網)－net (noun)
i-mu  (いむ、忌む)  - to avoid (bad omen)
u-mu  (うむ、生む)  - to give birth, to produce
u-mu  (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む)  - 1) to get tired, 2) to fester (to wound)    u-mi (うみ、膿)－smile (noun)
e-mu (えむ、笑む)   - to smile (old usage)     e-mi (えみ、笑み)－smile (noun)
ka-mu  (かむ、咬む)  - to bite
ka-mu  (かむ、鼻をかむ)  - to blow (one's nose)
ki-mu  (きむ、決む)  - --> modern form  <ki-me-ru> (きめる）to decide
ku-mu (くむ、組む)  - to make a pair, to construct    ku-mi (くみ、組)
ku-mu  (くむ、汲む)  - to scoop (water)
ko-mu  (こむ、込む、混む)  - to fill up; to get crowded
sa-mu (さむ) --> modern form <sa-me-ru> (さめる）- to become cold (food)
shi-mu  --> modern form <shi-mi-ru> (しみる)    shi-mi (しみ、染み、滲み)－stain (noun)
su-mu  (すむ、住む、済む、澄む)  - to live (in a house, apartment); to be finished; to become clear
se-mu  --> modern formｓ1) <se-me-ru> (せめる、1) 攻める，2) 責める、3) 迫める) - 21) to attack, 2) to blame, 3) to threaten. 2) <se-ma-ru> (せまる、迫る)
so-mu   --> modern forms 1) <so-me-ru> (そめる、染める), 2) <so-ma-ru> (そまる、染まる)
ta-mu  --> modern forms 1) <ta-me-ru> (ためる、貯める), 2) <ta-ma-ru> (たまる、貯まる)
ta-mu  --> modern forms 1) <ta-me-ru> (ためる、矯める) - to correct, to straighten
tsu-mu --> modern forms 1) ＜tsu-me-ru> (つめる、詰める), 2)＜tsu-ma-ru> (つまる、詰まる)  tsu-mi (つみ、罪)－sin、crime (noun)
tsu-mu  (つむ、積む、摘む)  - to pile up, to pack up, to pluck
to-mu  (とむ、富む)  - to become rich    to-mi (とみ、富)－richness, wealth (noun)
ｎa-mu  --> modern form <na-me-ru> (なめる） - to lick
no-mu  (のむ、飲む)  - to drink
ha-mu  (はむ、食む)  - to eat (old usage)
ha-mu  --> modern forms 1) ＜ha-me-ru> (はめる、嵌める) - to fit, to mate (bolt and nut, plug and jack) (transitive verb) (bolt and nut), 2) ＜ha-ma-ru> (はまる、嵌まる) - to fit, to mate(intransitive verb)
hu-mu (ふむ、踏む)  - to step on, to tread on
ho-mu　--> modern forms 1) <ho-me-ru> (ほめる、褒める)
mo-mu (もむ、揉む)  - to move a hand or hands to make something soften
ya-mu  (やむ、病む)  - to become sick     <ya-me-ru > (やめる、ya-me-ru)
ya-mu  (やむ、止む)  - to stop, to cease      <ya-me-ru> (やめる、止める、辞める)
yo-mu  (よむ、読む)  - to read


The above Japanese and English seem rather complicated.  This is because I have added possible old forms and shown in italic, some of which are still used now without noticing them as old usage. As far as the modern uses are concerned the possible combination are not too many not to few or relatively many and especially in the <a>, <o>and <u> rows by following the general rule. You can find the modern forms easily by seeing only the bold typed verbs. The old verbs have changed but in a very regular way. This has brought me an grammatical interest so I will explain this more below.

I use the differentiation of Transitive verb and Intransitive verb for this group for more systematic understanding. Please note again <he Japanese verbs are used in fairy different grammatical structured from the English. Some verbs are regarded as used as transitive verb and some are regarded used as intransitive verb but the differences are not so distinctive as English>.

a) Modern Transitive verbs

a-mu (あむ、編む)  - to knit, to weave
i-mu  (いむ、忌む)  - to avoid (bad omen)
u-mu  (うむ、生む)  - to give birth, to produce
ka-mu  (かむ、咬む)  - to bite
ka-mu  (かむ、鼻をかむ)  - to blow (one's nose)
ku-mu (くむ、組む)  - to make a pair, to construct
ku-mu  (くむ、汲む)  - to scoop (water)
tsu-mu (つむ、積む、摘む)  - to pile up, to pack up, to load, to pluck
no-mu  (のむ、飲む)  - to drink
ha-mu (はむ、食む)  - to eat (old usage)
hu-mu (ふむ、踏む)  - to step on, to tread on
mo-mu (もむ、揉む)  - to move a hand or hands to make something soften
ya-mu  (やむ、病む)  - to become sick  (Intransitive verb as well)
yo-mu  (よむ、読む)  - to read

i) to change <u> to <e> and + <ru>

a-mu  (あむ、編む)-->  a-me-ru  (あめる、編める)　  - to be able to knit, to be able to weave
or to be knit-able, to be weav-able
 
i-mu  (いむ、忌む) -->  i-me-ru  (いめる、忌める)　 - to be able to avoid (bad omen)  or to be avoid-able

u-mu  (うむ、生む) -->  u-me-ru  (うめる、生める)　 - to be able to give birth, to be able to produce or
to be give-birth-able,  to be produce-able

ka-mu  (かむ、咬む) -->  ka-me-ru  (かめる、咬める)　 - to be able to bite or to be bite-able
 
ka-mu  (かむ、鼻をかむ) -->  ka-me-ru  (かめる、鼻をかめる) - to be able to blow (one's nose) or to be-blow-able

ku-mu  (くむ、組む) -->  ku-me-ru   (くめる、組める)　 - to be able to make a pair, to be able to construct or to be make a pair-able, to be construct-able 

ku-mu  (くむ、汲む) -->  ku-me-ru (くめる、汲める)　 - to be able to scoop (water)  or to be scoop-able


tsu-mu  (つむ、積む、摘む) -->  tsu-me-ru  (つめる、積める、摘める)　- to be able to pile up, to be able to pack up, to be able to pluck or  be pile-up-able,  to be pack-up-able, to be pluckable

no-mu  (のむ、飲む) -->  no-me-ru (のめる、飲める) - to be able to drink or to be drink-able

ha-mu  (はむ、食む) -->  ha-me-ru (はめる、食める)　- to be able to eat (old usage) or to be eat-able

hu-mu  (ふむ、踏む) -->  hu-me-ru (ふめる、踏める)  - to be able to step on, to be able to tread on or
to be step-on-able, to be tread-on-able

mo-mu  (もむ、揉む) -->  mo-me-ru  (もめる、揉める) - to be able to move a hand or hands to make something soften or to be (a hand or hands) move-able

ya-mu (やむ、病む) -->  ya-me-ru (やめる、病める)　- to be able to become sick  (Intransitive verb as well) (*) or to be sicken-able (*)

yo-mu  (よむ、読む) -->  yo-me-ru  (よめる、読める)　  - to be able to read or to be readable

Except <ya-mu> the change of the meaning of all these verbs are the same - to be able to xxxx or to be xxxx-able.  <able> means usually <ability>  or  in some cases <probability>.


ii) to change <u> to <a> and + <ru>

a-mu  (あむ、編む)-->  a-ma-ru  (あまる)　
i-mu  (いむ、忌む) -->  i-ma-ru  (いまる)　
ka-mu  (かむ、咬む) -->  ka-ma-ru  (かまる)
ka-mu  (かむ、鼻をかむ) -->  ka-ma-ru  (かまる)
ku-mu  (くむ、組む) -->  ku-ma-ru   (くまる)　
ku-mu  (くむ、汲む) -->  ku-ma-ru (くまる)　

tsu-mu  (つむ、積む、摘む) -->  tsu-ma-ru  (つまる）
no-mu  (のむ、飲む) -->  no-ma-ru (のまる)
ha-mu  (はむ、食む) -->  ha-ma-ru (はまる)
hu-mu  (ふむ、踏む) -->  hu-ma-ru (ふまる)
mo-mu  (もむ、揉む) -->  mo-me-ru  (もまる)
ya-mu (やむ、病む) -->  ya-ma-ru (やまる)　
yo-mu  (よむ、読む) -->  yo-ma-ru  (よまる)　


In contrast to i) to change <u> to <e> and + <ru><e> and + <ru> All of them do not make when referring to the original meanings and most of them do not make sense at all in the modern Japanese This is very grammatical phenomenon.
Some of them do make sense but in different meaning from the original meaning.

a-mu  (あむ、編む)-->  a-ma-ru  (あまる、余る) - means to excess, to be excessive, be more than the requirement, to be left over.

tsu-mu  (つむ、積む、摘む) -->  tsu-ma-ru  (つまる） - means to congest, to be congested, to face the dead-end

ha-mu  (はむ、食む) -->  ha-ma-ru (はまる) - means to xxxx

ya-mu (やむ、病む) -->  ya-ma-ru (やまる)　- means to cease, to stop


b) Modern Intransitive verbs

u-mu  (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む)  - 1) to get tired, 2) to xxxx
u-mu  (うむ、生む)  - to give birth to
e-mu (えむ、笑む)   - to smile (old usage)  
ko-mu  (こむ、込む、混む)  - to fill up; to get crowded
su-mu  (すむ、１)住む、２）済む、３）澄む)  - 1) to live (in a house, apartment); 2) to finish, to be finished; 3）to become clear
to-mu  (とむ、富む)  - to be rich in 
ya-mu  (やむ、病む)  - to become sick (Transitive verb as well)
ya-mu  (やむ、止む)  - to stop, to cease


i) to change <u> to <e> and + <ru>

u-mu  (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む) -->  u-me-ru (うめる)　 - seldom used
e-mu (えむ、笑む)  --> e-me-ru  (えめる)　- does not exist
ko-mu  (こむ、込む、混む) -->  k-me-ru  (こめる)　- to pack st in (to) - transitive verb
su-mu  (すむ、1) 住む、2) 済む、3) 澄む) -->  su-me-ru  (す める)　- 1) 住める - to be able to live, to be habitable , 2) 済める (this verb does not exist), 3) 澄める - also to to be clean (adjective)  but seldom sued
to-mu  (とむ、富む)  -->  to-me-ru  (とめる、富める)　 - also to be rich in (adjective)
ya-mu  (やむ、病む)  -->  ya-me-ru  (やめる)　- to be suffering (adjective)
ya-mu  (やむ、止む)  -->  ya-me-ru  (やめる) - to stop (transitive verb)

ii) to change <u> to <a> and + <ru>

u-mu  (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む) -->  u-ma-ru  (うまる)　 - seldom used
e-mu (えむ、笑む)  --> e-mm-ru  (えまる)　- does not exist
ko-mu  (こむ、込む、混む) -->  ko-ma-ru  (こまる)　- seldom used in this sense
su-mu  (すむ、住む、済む、澄む) -->  su-ma-ru  (すまる)　-  seldom used in these senses
to-mu  (とむ、富む)  -->  to-ma-ru  (とまる)　- seldom used in this sense
ya-mu  (やむ、病む)  -->  ya-ma-ru  (やまる)　- does not exist
ya-mu  (やむ、止む)  -->  ya-ma-ru  (やまる)　- also to stop (intransitive) but seldom used in this sense
　

c) old Transitive verbs

ki-mu  (きむ、決む)
se-mu  --> modern formｓ1) se-me-ru (せめる、1) 攻める，2) 責める、3) 迫める) - 21) to attack, 2) to blame, 3) to threaten. 2) se-ma-ru　(せまる、迫る)
so-mu  --> modern forms 1) so-me-ru (そめる、染める), 2) <so-ma-ru> (そまる、染まる)
ta-mu  --> modern forms 1) ｔa-me-ru (ためる、貯める), 2) <ta-ma-ru> (たまる、貯まる)
ta-mu  --> modern forms 1) ta-me-ru (ためる、矯める) - to correct, to straighten
to-mu  --> modern forms 1) <ta-me-ru> (とめる、止める) - to stop
tsu-mu --> modern forms 1) ＜tsu-me-ru> (つめる、詰める), 2)tsu-ma-ru> (つまる、詰まる)
ｎa-mu  --> modern form na-me-ru (なめる） - to lick 
ha-mu  --> modern forms 1) ha-me-ru (はめる、嵌める), 2) ＜ha-ma-ru> (はまる、嵌まる)
ho-mu　--> modern forms 1) ho-me-ru (ほめる、褒める)


i) to change <u> to <e> and + <ru>

ki-mu  --> ki-me-ru, which is the modern form,   (きめる）to decide
se-mu  --> se-me-ru , which is the modern form (せめる、1) 攻める to attack，2) 責める、3) 迫める)
so-mu  --> so-me-ru, which is the modern form (そめる、染める) to dye
ta-mu  --> ta-me-ru, which is the modern form (ためる、貯める)　to save (money)
ta-mu  --> ta-me-ru, which is the modern form (ためる、矯める) - to correct, to straighten
tsu-mu --> tsu-me-ru, which is the modern form (つめる、詰める) to pack
ｎa-mu  --> na-me-ru, which is the modern form (なめる） - to lick 
ha-mu  --> ha-me-ru, which is the modern form (はめる、嵌める)
ho-mu　--> ho-me-ru , which is the modern form (ほめる、褒める) to praise

ii) to change <u> to <a> and + <ru>

ki-mu  --> ki-ma-ru  (きまる、決まる) - to decide, to be decided (intransitive)
se-mu  --> se-ma-ru (せまる、迫る)
so-mu  --> so-ma-ru (そまる、染まる) - to be dyed (intransitive)
ta-mu  --> ta-ma-ru  (たまる、貯まる) - to be saved (money)  (intransitive), to pile up (intransitive)
ta-mu  --> ta-ma-ru  (たまる、矯まる) - to be corrected, to be straightened (intransitive)
tsu-mu --> tsu-ma-ru  (つまる、詰まる) - to be packed, to be congested (intransitive)
ｎa-mu  --> na-ma-ru  (なまる）
ha-mu  --> ha-ma-ru  (はまる、嵌まる) - - to be ?, to be ? (intransitive)
ho-mu　--> ho-ma-ru (ほまる) - seldom used


d) Old Intransitive verbs

None (so far found in this group)


2 -7  -yu

a-yu,  ka-yu,  sa-yu,  ta-yu,   na-yu,  ha-yu,  ma-yu,  ya-yu,  ra-yu, wa-mu

i-yu,  ki-yu,  shi-yu,  chi-yu,  ni-yu,   hi-yu,   mi-yu,   (i-yu),   ri-yu, ---

u-yu,  ku-yu,  su-yu,  tsu-yu,  nu-yu,  hu-yu,  mu-yu,  yu-yu,  ru-yu, ---

e-yu,  ke-yu,  se-yu,   te-yu,    ne-yu,   he-yu,  me-yu,  ye-yu,   re-yu, ---

o-yu,  ko-yu,  so-yu,  to-yu,   no-yu,   ho-yu,  mo-yu,  yo-yu,  ro-yu, ---


No two syllable verbs ending <-yu> in the modern forms. <yu> have been changed to <e-ru>.

a-e-ru,  ka-e-ru,  sa-e-ru,  ta-e-ru,  na-e-ru,  ha-e-ru,  ma-e-ru,  ya-e-ru,   ra-e-ru,  wa--e-ru

i-e-ru,  ki-e-ru,  shi-e-ru,  chi-e-ru,  ni-e-ru,  hi-e-ru,  mi-e-ru,  (i-e-ru),  ri-e-ru, ---

u-e-ru,  ku-e-ru,  su-e-ru,  tsu-e-ru,  nu-e-ru,  hu-e-ru,  mu-e-ru,  yu-e-ru,    ru-e-ru, ---

e-e-ru,   ke-e-ru,  se-e-ru,   te-e-ru,    ne-e-ru,  he-e-ru,   me-e-ru,  ye-e-ru,    re-e-ru, ---

o-e-ru,  ko-e-ru,  so-e-ru,  to-e-ru,   no-e-ru,  ho-e-ru,  mo-e-ru,  yo-e-ru,   ro-e-ru, ---

a-e-ru  (あえる、和える)  - to xxx
i-e-ru  (いえる、癒える)  - to be cured (intransitive)
u-e-ru  (うえる、飢える)  - to get hungry
u-e-ru  (うえる、植える)  - to plant (transitive)
o-e-ru  (おえる、終える)  - to end (both transitive and intransitive)
ka-e-ru  (かえる、1)帰る, 返る、2)孵る)  - 1) to return; 2) to hutch  (transitive)
ka-e-ru  (かえる、変える、換える、替える)  - to change, to replace
ki-e-ru  (きえる、消える)  - to disappear, to switch off (intransitive)
ko-e-ru  (こえる、肥える)  - to get hat (intransitive)
ko-e-ru  (こえる、越える)  - to cross over, to overcome,
sa-e-ru  (さえる、冴える)  - to get clear minded (intransitive)
su-e-ru  (すえる、饐える)  - to get soured (food) (intransitive)
su-e-ru  (すえる、据える)  - to set, to place, (transitive)
so-e-ru  (そえる、添える)  - to add (transitive)
ta-e-ru  (たえる、絶える、耐える)  - to extinguish,  to endure
na-e-ru  (なえる、萎える)  - to get lifeless
ni-e-ru  (にえる、煮える)  - to cook (intransitive verb)
ha-e-ru  (はえる、生える、映える)  - to appear; to seem distictive
hi-e-ru  (ひえる、冷える)  - to become cold
hu-e-ru  (ふえる、増える)  - to increase (intransitive verb)
ho-e-ru  (ほえる、吠える)  - to bark (intransitive verb)
mo-e-ru  (もえる、燃える、萌える)  - to burn (intransitive)； to xxxx (transitive)


2 -7  -ru

a-ru,  ka-ru,  sa-ru,  ta-ru,     na-ru,  ha-ru,  ma-ru,  ya-ru, ra-ru, wa-ru

i-ru,  ki-ru,  shi-ru,  chi-ru,  ni-ru,  hi-ru,   mi-ru,  (i-ru), ri-ru, ---

u-ru,  ku-ru,  su-ru,  tsu-ru,  nu-ru,  hu-ru,  mu-ru,  yu-ru,  ru-ru, ---

e-ru,  ke-ru,  se-ru,  te-ru,     ne-ru,  he-ru,  me-ru,   ye-ru, re-ru, ---

o-ru,  ko-ru,  so-ru,  to-ru,    no-ru,  ho-ru,  mo-ru,  yo-ru, ro-ru, ---

Almost perfect combination. <-ru> ending can be called as the verb making suffix. As mentioned earlier <r> sound does not come first in the original Japanese. Instead <ru> is devoted its function in making verbs.
<yu-ru> can be regarded as <u-ru> and <ye-re> as <e-ru> and <u-ru> and <e-ru> are closely related too. <ma-ru>, <me-ru> and <mu-ru> are not used an independent verbs but <ma-ru> and <me-ru> used commonly as quasi-helping verbs.

See below.

a-ru  (ある、在る、有る)  - to be(non human), to exist
i-ru  (いる、1) 射る、2) 鋳る、3) 煎る) - 1) to shoot; 2) to cast; 3) to xxxx
i-ru  (いる、1) 居る、2) 入る、3) 要る) - 1) to be (human); 2) to enter; 3) to need, to require
u-ru  (うる、得る)  - to obtain
u-ru  (うる、売る)  - to sell
e-ru  (える、1) 得る、2) 選る) - 1) to obtain; 2) to select
o-ru  (おる、1) 折る、2) 織る、3) 居る also　いる（i-ru)) - 1) to fold; 2) to weave; 3) to be
ka-ru  (かる、1) 刈る、2) 狩る、3) 駆る、4) 借る)  - 1) to cut with a xxxx; 2) to hunt; 3) to run; 4) to borrow
ki-ru  (きる、切る)  - to cut
ki-ru  (きる、着る)  - to put on (clothes), to wear
ku-ru  (くる、来る)  - to come
ku-ru  (くる、1) 繰る、2) 刳る)  - 1) to pull (a string); 2) to cut out a hollow (with a knife)
ke-ru  (ける、蹴る)  - to kick
ko-ru  (こる、凝る)  - to become solidified, to become soared (a part of the body)
sa-ru  (さる、去る)  - to leave
shi-ru  (しる、1) 知る、2) 痴れ者)  - 1) to know; 2) to become stupid, to be stuified
su-ru  (する、1) 刷る、摺る、2) 擦る、3) 掏る)  - 1) to print; 2) to rub; 3) to pick pocket
su-ru  (する)  - to do
se-ru  (せる、競る)  - to compete
so-ru  (そる、1) 反る、2) 剃る)  - 1) to bend; 2) to shave
ta-ru  (たる、足る)  - to suffice ( (intransitive verb)
chi-ru  (ちる、散る) - to fall, to scatter (intransitive verb)
tsu-ru  (つる、1) 釣る、2) 吊る)  - 1) to do fishing; 2) to suspend
te-ru  (てる、照る) - to shine (intransitive verb)
to-ru  (とる、1) 取る、2) 盗る、3) 採る、4) 撮る、5) 執る) - 1) to take, 2) to steal, 3) to pick up (transitive verb); 4) to take (picture); 5) to manage, to lead
na-ru  (なる、成る) - to become
na-ru  (なる、鳴る) - to ring (intransitive verb); to sound (intransitive verb)
ni-ru  (にる、1) 似る、2) 煮る) - 1) to resemble (intransitive verb), 2) to cook
nu-ru  (ぬる、塗る)  - to paint (transitive verb)
ne-ru  (ねる、練る、煉る) - to xxxx (transitive verb)
ne-ru  (ねる、寝る) - to sleep (intransitive verb)
no-ru  (のる、乗る、載る) - to ride (intransitive verb); to xxxx
ha-ru  (はる、張る、貼る) - to extend, stretch (a rope, paper), to attach (transitive verb)
hi-ru  (ひる、簸る)  - to xxxx
he-ru  (へる、経る)  - to pass over (transitive verb)
he-ru  (へる、減る)  - to decrease  (intransitive verb)
ho-ru  (ほる、掘る、彫る)  - to dig; to carve  (transitive verb)
ma-ru
mi-ru  (みる、見る)  - to see (transitive verb)
mu-ru
me-ru
mo-ru  (もる、漏る)  - to leak (intransitive verb), mo-re-ru  (もれる、漏れる) is more commonly used as the the same meaning.
mo-ru  (もる、盛る)  - to pile up (transitive verb)
ya-ru  (やる、遣る)  - to send (transitive verb)
yo-ru  (よる、選る)  - to select (transitive verb)
yo-ru  (よる、寄る、拠る、因る) - to approach; to derive,  (intransitive verb)
wa-ru  (わる、割る) - to break (transitive verb); to divide
 -----

<ma-ru> and <me-ru> as quasi-helping verbs

Like <to become> and <to make> in English we have the following very regular and almost universally usable ways to change an adjective to an intransitive verb (to become) and transitive verb (to make)

ha-ya-i  (fast, early： はやい) --> ha-ya-ku-na-ru  (to become fast (early) or faster (earlier)) --> ha-ya-ku-su-ru (to make st  fast (early) or faster (earlier))
o-so-i  (slow, late: おそい) --> -so-ku-na-ru  (to become slow (late) or slower (later)) --> o-so-ku-su-ru (to make st slow (late) or slower (later))

Note: In Japanse  fast and early are expressed by the same adjective <ha-ya-i> so as slow, late by <o-so-i>.

Besides these universal methodｓ we have some other method,which may be more old but simpler ways by using <ma-ru> and <me-ru>.  But these methods are not universal but limited some original Japanese adjectives.

Adjective +  <ma-ru> and <me-ru>

Adjective + <ma-mu> ---> to become  more and more
e.g.
ha-ya-i (はやい) - fast, eraly;  ha-ya ma-ru (はやまる) ---> to become faster and faster, to become erlier and ealier
ta-ka-i (たかい) - high, exensive; ta-ka ma ru (たかまる) ---> to become higher and higher, to become more andmore exensive
a-ka-i (あかい) - red; a-ka ma ru (あかまる) ---> to become reder and reder (can be ued and gramatically correct but not a common way of saying, the common way of saying ---> a-ka-ku na-ru あかくなる)

Adjective + <me-mu> ---> to to make more and more
e.g.
ha-ya-i (はやい) - fast, eraly;  ha-ya me-ru (はやめる) ---> to make faster and faster, to become erlier and ealier
ta-ka-i (たかい) - high, exensive; ta-ka me ru (たかめる) ---> to make higher and higher, to become more andmore exensive
a-ka-i (あかい) - red; a-ka me ru (あかめる) ---> to make reder and reder (the common way of saying ---> a-ka-ku su-ru　あかくする)

English use similar ways like

strong - to strengthen
weak - to weaken
white - to whiten
black - to blacken
(this method may be the old original English way)
-----
solid - to solidify
soft - to soften
simple - to simplify
glorious - glorify
-----
neutral - to neutrlize
equal - to eaualize
-----

Some oher Adjective Conjugations with <ma-ru>.<me-ru>

hi-ku-i  (ひくい、低い)　-  hi-ku-ma-ru (ひくまる、低まる) -  hi-ku-me-ru (ひくめる、低める)
chi-ka-i (ちかい、近い)  -  chi-ka-ma-ru (ちかくなる、近くなる)  -  chi-ka-me-ru (ちかくする、近くする)
near, close  -  to become near (close)  - to make st near (close)　
a-at-ta-ka-i (あたたかい、暖かい)  - a-ta-ta-ma-ru (あたたまる、暖まる)  - a-ta-ta-me-ru (あたため　る、暖める) 　warm  -  to become warm  - to make st warm
sa-mu-i (さむい、寒い) only for weather or human body -  sa-me-ru (さめる) -  sa-ma-su (さます)
cold  -  to become cold    - to make st cold  (only for cooking)
hi-ro-i (ひろい、広い) -  hi-ro-ma-ru (ひろまる、広まる)  -  hi-ro-me-ru (ほろめる、広める)
wide  -  to become wide  - to make st wide or to widen　　
(se-ma-i (せまい、狭い) (se-ba-shi) (せばし) -  se-ba-ma-ru (せばまる、狭まる)  -  se-ba-me-ru) (せばめる、狭める)
narrow  -  to become narrow  - to make st narrow
hu-ka-i (ふかい、深い) -  hu-ka-ma-ru (ふかまる、深まる) -  hu-ka-me-ru (ふかめる、深める)
deep  -  to become deep  - to make st to deep or to deepen
ki-yo-i  (きよい、清い) - ki-yo-ma-ru (きよまる、清まる) -  ki-yo-me-ru (きよめる、清める)
pure  -  to become pure  - to make st pure or to purify　
tsu-yo-i (つよい、強い) -  tsu-yo-ma-ru (つよまる、強まる)  -  tsu-yo-me-ru (つよめる、強める)
strong  -  to become strong  - to make st strong or to strengthen
yo-wa-i (よわい、弱い) -  yo-wa-ma-ru (よわまる、弱まる)  -  yo-wa-me-ru (よわめる、弱める)
weak  -  to become weak  - to make st weak or to weaken
ka-ta-i (かたい、硬い、固い) -  ka-ta-ma-ru (かたまる、固まる) - ka-ta-me-ru (かためる、固める)
hard  -  to become hard  - to make st hard or to harden or to solidify
u-su-i (うすい、薄い) -  u-su-ma-ru (うすまる、薄まる)  -  u-su-me-ru  (うすめる、薄める)
thin  -  to become thin  - to make st thin　
not dense -  to become less dense  - to make st less dense　


Verb ending with ma-ru (まる), me-ru (める), mu-ru (むる)

1) Verb ending with  ma-ru

a-ma-ru,  ka-ma-ru,  sa-ma-ru,  ta-ma-ru,   na-ma-ru,  ha-ma-ru,  ma-ma-ru,  ya-ma-ru, ra-maru, wa-ma-ru

i-ma-ru,  ki-ma-ru,  shi-ma-ru,  chi-ma-ru,  ni-ma-ru,  hi-ma-ru,   mi-ma-ru,  (i-ma-ru), ri-ma-ru, ---

u-ma-ru,  ku-ma-ru,  su-ma-ru,  tsu-ma-ru,  nu-ma-ru,  hu-ma-ru,  mu-ma-ru,  yu-ma-ru,  ru-ma-ru, ---

e-ma-ru,  ke-ma-ru,  se-ma-ru,  te-ma-ru,     ne-ma-ru,  he-ma-ru,  me-ma-ru,   ye-ma-ru, re-ma-ru, ---

o-ma-ru,  ko-ma-ru,  so-ma-ru,  to-ma-ru,    no-ma-ru,  ho-ma-ru,  mo-ma-ru,  yo-ma-ru, ro-ma-ru, ---


Naturally these ma-ru (まる), me-ru (める) pairs are mostly the intransitive and transitive verb pairs.


2) Verb ending with me-ru

a-me-ru,  ka-me-ru,  sa-me-ru,  ta-me-ru,   na-me-ru,  ha-me-ru,  ma-me-ru,  ya-me-ru, ra-me-ru, wa-me-ru

i-me-ru,  ki-me-ru,  shi-me-ru,  chi-me-ru,  ni-me-ru,  hi-me-ru,   mi-me-ru,  (i-me-ru), ri-me-ru, ---

u-me-ru,  ku-me-ru,  su-me-ru,  tsu-me-ru,  nu-me-ru,  hu-me-ru,  mu-me-ru,  yu-me-ru,  ru-me-ru, ---
(u-me-ru)                                  (tsu-me-ru)
e-me-ru,  ke-me-ru,  se-me-ru,  te-me-ru,     ne-me-ru,  he-me-ru,  me-me-ru,   ye-me-ru, re-me-ru, ---

o-me-ru,  ko-me-ru,  so-me-ru,  to-me-ru,    no-me-ru,  ho-me-ru,  mo-me-ru,  yo-me-ru, ro-me-ru, ---


Naturally these ma-ru (まる), me-ru (める) pairs are mostly the intransitive and transitive verb pairs.


a-ma-ru (あまる、余る)  to excess (intransitive verb) -  (a-me-ru)  to be able to knit. The old form of a-me-ru is a-mu (あむ、編む).

u-ma-ru (うまる、埋まる)  to berry oneself (intransitive verb)  -  u-me-ru (うめる、埋める)
to berry st (transitive verb)
ki-ma-ru (きまる、決まる)  to be decided (intransitive verb) -  ki-me-ru  (きめる、決める)  to decide st
(transitive verb). 　The old form of ki-me-ru is ki-mu (きむ、決む).

ko-ma-ru (こまる、困る)  to worry (intransitive verb)  - ko-me-ru  (こめる、込める)  to pack st
(transitive verb).  The old form of ko-me-ru is ko-mu.
It seems no relation between ko-ma-ru and ko-me-ru but <to worry> is a state of being  ( to become) packed.
(sa-mu) -  sa-me-ru  (さめる)   to become cold (food).     sa-mu is the old form of sa-me-ru.
shi-ma-ru (しまる、閉まる)  to close (intransitive verb)  -  shi-me-ru (しめる、閉める)  to close st (transitive verb). The old form of shi-me-ru is shi-mu.
se-ma-ru  (せまる、攻まる)  to be attacked (intransitive verb) -  se-me-ru  (せめる、攻める) 
to attacked (transitive verb). The old form of se-me-ru is se-mu.
so-ma-ru (そまる、染まる)   to be dyed (intransitive verb) -  so-me-ru  (そめる、染める)  to dye st (transitive verb).  The old form of shi-me-ru is so-mu.
ta-ma-ru (たまる、溜まる)  to pile up  (intransitive verb)  -  ta-me-ru (ため’る、溜める)  to pile up st  (transitive verb). The old form of ta-me-ru is ta-mu.
tsu-ma-ru (つまる、詰まる)   to become congested  (intransitive verb)   - tsu-me-ru (つめ’る、詰める)
to congest st  (transitive verb).  The old form of tsu-me-ru is tsu-mu.
to-ma-ru (とまる、止まる)  to stop  (intransitive verb) 　-  to-me-ru (とまる、止まる) 
to stop st  (transitive verb).
to-ma-ru (とまる、泊まる)  to stay (at a hotel)  (intransitive verb) 　-  to-me-ru (とまる、止まる)  to make so to stay )  (transitive verb). The old form of tome-ru is to-mu.
na-ma-ru (*)  to localized in speaking (intransitive verb) -  na-me-ru (*)  to lick st (transitive verb)
Seems no relation between  na-ma-ru and na-me-ru. The old form of na-me-ru is na-mu.  When you speak like licking it may sound  localized in speaking.
ha-ma-ru (はまる) to fit into st (intransitive verb)　-  ha-me-ru (はめる)  to fit st into st  (transitive verb). The old form of ha-me-ru is ha-mu.
(hi-mu)   -  hi-me-ru  (ひめる、秘める)   to hold secret in itself (intransitive verb).  hi-mu is the old form of hi-me-ru. The old form of hi-me-ru is hi-mu.
(ho-mu)  -  ho-me-ru  (ほめる)  to praise (transitive verb).  ho-mu is the old form of ho-me-ru.



The italics are the verbs meaning of able.

a-me-ru  (あめる、編める)　to be able to knit
u-me-ru　(うめる、生める) -  to be able to give birth
ka-me-ru (かめる) -  to be able to bite
su-me-ru (すめる、住める) -  to be able to live
tsu-me-ru (つめる、積める) -  to be able to load
no-me-ru (飲める、飲める)  -  to be able to drink
hu-me-ru (ふめる、踏める’)  -  to be able to step on
yo-me-ru (読める、読める)  -  to be able to read

3) Verb ending with mu-ru

a-mu-ru,  ka-mu-ru,  sa-mu-ru,  ta-mu-ru,   na-mu-ru,  ha-mu-ru,  ma-mu-ru,  ya-mu-ru, ra-me-ru, wa-mu-ru

i-mu-ru,  ki-mu-ru,  shi-mu-ru,  chi-mu-ru,  ni-mu-ru,  hi-mu-ru,   mi-mu-ru,  (i-mu-ru), ri-mu-ru, ---

u-mu-ru,  ku-mu-ru,  su-mu-ru,  tsu-mu-ru,  nu-mu-ru,  hu-mu-ru,  mu-mu-ru,  yu-mu-ru,  ru-mu-ru, ---

e-mu-ru,  ke-mu-ru,  se-mu-ru,  te-mu-ru,     ne-mu-ru,  he-mu-ru,  me-mu-ru,   ye-me-ru, re-mu-ru, ---

o-mu-ru,  ko-mu-ru,  so-mu-ru,  to-mu-ru,    no-mu-ru,  ho-mu-ru,  mo-mu-ru,  yo-mu-ru, ro-mu-ru, ---


mu-ru has no relation wiht ma-ru and me-ru.

ke-mu-ru  (けむる、煙る) - to become foggy, to become filled with smoke (intransitive verb). The noun form is ke-mu-ri (けむり、煙).

ne-mu-ru  (ねむる、眠る) - to sleep (intransitive verb). The related words - ne-ru  (ねる、寝る) to lie down,  to sleep. The noun form is ne-mu-ri (ねむり、眠り).

Multple meaning two syllable verbs

As most commonly and frequently used (therefore important) Japanese verbs are, like other languages, simple and usually two syllables. The meanings of each multiple meaning verb seem different but there are something in common so the root or very general meaning is the same, which may help to you keep the meanings in your memory. Actually the word has multiple meanings only when you use the Chinese characters.


Selected from Post ＜Playing with Japanese two syllable verbs＞

ka-ku (かく、1) 書く、2) 掻く)  - 1) to write; 2) to scratch (in the very old days, to write by scratching on something)

What is common?
1) to write and 2) to scratch are almost the same action.

su-ku (すく、1) 空く、2) 透く、3) 梳く)  - 1) to become empty; 2) to be seen through; 3) to comb (hair)

What is common?
To become spacious (empty), to make empty, space 

tsu-ku (つく、1) 付く、2) 着く、3)点く、4) 搗く、5)就く)   - 1) to attach (adhere) to; 2) to arrive; 3) to switch on; 4) to pound; 5) to take (a seat, a post).

What is common?
Something happens at a point, to make something happen at a point

You can find about  tsu-ku (つく) in more detail in the post <Tsuku (つく) and Hanereru (はなれる)>.

hi-ku (ひく、1) 引く、2) 挽く、3) 弾く、4) 轢く、5) 退く) - 1) to pull, to draw; 2) to grind (beans, etc); 3) to play (a musical instrument); 4)  run over; 5) to retreat.

What is common?
To pull something, to move something toward oneself excluding 4)  run over which slightly relates with 'to drag'.

tsu-gu (つぐ、1) 告ぐ、2) 次ぐ、3) 注ぐ、4) 継ぐ、5) 接ぐ)  - 1) to tell, to inform ; 2) to follow, to be next to, 3) to pour; 4) to follow, 5) to attach

What is common?
To do something to a very close thing (person)

ta-tsu (たつ、1) 立つ、2) 発つ、3) 経つ、4) 絶つ、5) 断つ、6) 裁つ) - 1) to stand up, to appear; 2) to leave; 3) to pass (time);  4) to stop, to end, to give up; 5) to cut; 6) to cut (cloth)

What is common?
To make something (or oneself) apart

to-ru  (とる、1) 取る、2) 盗る、3) 採る、4) 撮る、5) 執る) - 1) to take; 2) to steal; 3) to pick up (transitive verb); 4) to take (picture); 5) to manage, to lead

What is common?
Generally to take something.


sptt

Tastes in Native Japanese words

We have five tastes - sweet, sourer, hot (spicy), salty, bitter, - plus one more "tannin taste".

sweet - ama-i (あまい、甘い)
sourer - suppa-i (すっぱい、酸っぱい)
hot (spicy) - kara-i (からい、辛い)
salty - shio-kara-i (しおからい、塩辛い) or shoppa-i (しょっぱい)
bitter - niga-i (にがい、苦い)
"tannin taste" - shibu-i (しぶい、渋い)

As the last syllable of each word has  "-i "(pronounced as not " ai " but " yi  ") they are all adjectives. The noun forms are quire regular

1) showing the degree of taste

degree of sweetness - ama-sa (あまさ)
degree of sourerness - suppa-sa (すっぱさ)
degree of hotness (spiciness) - kara-sa (からさ)
degree of saltiness - shio-kara-sa (しおからさ) or shoppa-sa (しょっぱさ)
degree of bitterness - niga-sa (にがさ)
degree of "tannin taste" - shibu-i (しぶさ)

-sa (さ) is the Japanese Native suffix changing an adjective to a noun

and

2) showing xxxx-ness itself

sweetness - ama-mi (あまみ)
sourerness - suppa-mi (すっぱみ)
hotness (spiciness) - kara-mi (からみ)
saltiness - shio-kara-mi (しおからみ) or shoppa-mi (しょっぱみ)
bitterness - niga-mi (にがみ)
"tannin taste" - shibu-mi　(しぶさみ)

-mi (み) is the Chinese origin suffix from Chinese origin (mi, 味) (meaning " taste" ) changing an adjective to a noun.  Chinese word 味 is now pronounced as <wei> in Mandaline (Putonghua) but as pronounced <mei> in Cantonese and may have been as <mi> or similar pronunciation in some time and somewhere close to Japan so <mi> is unlikely to the native Japanese.

sptt

Colors in Native Japanese

Ancient Japanese people are suppose not to be color blind but to not so creative in naming the colors they saw.

The native Japanese word for color is iro (いろ、色 in Chinese character）. We have only a very few genuine names of colors. Meanwhile <iro-iro (いろいろ）> does not mean 'colorful', but means 'in various ways', 'in many different kinds' and very commonly used and used as an adverb. The adjective form or "specifying" form of adjective-verb" is <iro-iro-na (いろいろな）>. The word  for colorful is <iro-tori-dori (いろとりどり）>, meaning literally '(able) to take any color'. These few are:

kuro (くろ、黒 in Chinese character), adj. kuro-i (くろい) 　- 　black
shiro (しろ、白）, adj. shiro-i  (しろい) 　 -　white
ao (あお、青）, adj. ao-i　(あおろい)   -  blue
midori (みどり、緑） - green
ki(iro) (き（いろ）、黄（色））  - yellow　

midori (みどり、緑）and  ki(iro) (き(いろ)) may not be genuine as  they have only a noun form and do not have an adjective form while the others have genuine adjective form. Also most Japanese native basic words are two syllables like kuro, shiro, aka, a-o while midoi has excetionally three syllable and ki is one syllable.To make these two naous adjective we add 'no (の)' like

midori-no (みどりの)
kiiro-no (きいろの) while  ki-no (きの)　is occasionally used.

kuro (くろ) has some related words - kurai (くらい) : dark, not so familiar (with) ; bon-kura (ぼんくら), nama-kura (なまくら) : dull

The opposite to kuro (くろ) is not shiro (しろ、白） or white but aka  (あか）or red is this sense.

aka  (あか）has some related words - akarui (あかるい) - bright, very familiar (with) ; akiraka-na (あきらかな) - clear, clarified; akeru (あける) - to open

Exception to the above

kuro-to (くろおと)  -  professional
kuro-obi (くろおび)  -  black-belt in Judo

shiro-to (しろおと)  -  amateur
shiro-obi (しろおび) - white-belt in Judo

shiro (しろ） does not necessarily mean "good" (against like black market, black society). It shows lacking brightness of color; whitish, mixed, diffused with white brings less clearness, reduces transperance.

shira-keru (しらける) means "killing good atmosphere"
shira-jra-shii (しらじらしい) means " apparently known despite trying to hide or to lie ", "without hesitation, shame".
shira-o-kiru (しらをきる) means " to try not to admit done something wrong (lied)"

The adjective form is shiro-i  (しろい) but the prefix form 'shira- (しら-)' and 'shira- (しら-)' are used as set expression.

examples
shira-uo (しら-うお) white fish
hira-kumo (しら-くも) white cloud
shira-yuki (しら-ゆき) white snow 　－shira-yuki-hime (しら-ゆき-ひめ(queen)): snow white

shiro-kuma (しろ-くま) white bear,  'shiro-i kuma' is more general.
shiro-neko (しろ-ねこ) white cat,  'shiro-i neko' is more general.
shiro-mi (しろ-み) white part meat, 'shiro-i mi' is more general.


Therefore we could say we have only four (4) genuine colors. If black and while are not regarded as color we have only two genuine colors - aka (あか) and ao (あお).

The names of the other colors are borrowed  from the names of plants, minerals and animals (including birds).

daidai　（だいだい、橙）or orenji (Orange) +  iro ( いろ、色) - orange color
momo （もも、桃）+  iro ( いろ、色)  - peach color
murasaki (むらさき、紫) +  iro ( いろ、色)  -　violet (purple) color
nezumi (ねずみ)　+  iro ( いろ、色)  -　mouse, rat color
mizu (みず、水)　　+  iro ( いろ、色)  -　water color - pale blue color

combination - commonly used

ki-midori (きみどり、黄緑)　＝　yellowish green
ao-ji-ro-i (shi-ro-i) ＝　pale blue, whitish blue

Seems that is all.
----
Chinese origin - commonly used
kin (きん、金)　+  iro ( いろ、色)　－　gold color 
ｇin (ぎん、銀)　+  iro ( いろ、色)　－　silver color 
hai (はい、灰)　+  iro ( いろ、色)　－　ash color --> gray (grey)
cha (ちゃ、茶)　+  iro ( いろ、色)　－　tea color --> brown
koge-cha (こげちゃ、焦茶)　+  iro ( いろ、色)　－　dark tea color --> dark brown
<koge> (こげ) is a Native word meaning "scorched".
oudou (おうどう、黄銅)　+  iro ( いろ、色)　－　brass color 
----

The following are native Japanese but not common. Most young Japanese may not know which colors  they are.

akane (あかね、茜) +  iro　－　the name of a plant meaning "red root'
asagi (あさぎ)  +  iro －　the name of a plant
uguisu (うぐいす、鶯) +  iro －　the name of a bird
moegi (もえぎ)　+  iro －　the name of a plant (?)

combinations

Most young Japanese may not know which colors  they are but can guess.

aka-murasaki (あかむらさき、赤紫)　＝　reddish  violet (purple)
ao-murasaki　 (あおむらさき、青紫) 　＝　blueish violet (purple)

usu- from usui (うす（い）、薄（い) is used a prefex meaning "light'.

usu-midori (うすみどり、薄緑)　－　light green
usu-murasaki (うすむらさき、薄紫)　－　light violet (purple)


sptt

The biggest Japanese verb ＜aru＞

The Japanese verb ＜aru (ある)＞ is a very big verb. Not the size (only two syllables, a - ru) but the meaning. ＜aru (ある)＞ covers the meaning of ＜to exist＞, ＜to be＞, ＜to have＞ and to show (imply) the meaning of ＜to recognize＞. As it covers the meaning of existence and the recognition ＜aru (ある)＞ covers everything in the world.

In English

1) to show the existence we  use ＜to be＞(Here is (are), there is (are)) and ＜to exist>. Here is an A. There are As.  A uxists.

2) to show the characteristics of a thing and some relationship between two things (including equality) we use ＜to be＞.  A is xxx. A is B. A is A.

3) to show some relationships of things (between one thing and another thing, or among several things) we we use ＜to have＞ in case of the relationships being related with some sense of belonging in either physically or psychologically.  We have an A. He has a B.

Overall to show the existence or more precisely to show the recognition of existence of some thing or some event (including activity, accident, incident) you use ＜to be＞ or ＜to have＞, which are the two fundamental (most frequently used usually unconsciously) English verbs.

In Japanese the verb ＜aru (ある)＞ covers ＜to be＞, <to exist>) and ＜to have＞.　＜aru (ある)＞is an intransitive verb like ＜to exist＞while ＜to be＞is an intransitive verb having a special function of cupola and ＜to have＞is a transitive verb. It is a bit difficult to live in this <a-ru> world because there is only <a-ru> which shows the meaning of <to exist> and <to have> as well. Japanese people, as far as they use Japanese, they lack the sense of <to have> except physically holding something by hand(s). They cannot have a house as a house is too large and heavy. For them a house is (exists) with them. This is why you have some strange feeling when you talk with Japanese people. They live in a world different from your world in terms of recognition of the existence of things and events. Only a few samples are shown below.

1) There is an apple on the table.
Japanese: te-e-bu-ru no ue ni ringo ga aru. (テーブルの上にりんごがある。)

2) We have (will have) a meting this afternoon.
Japanese: kyou no gogo kaigi ga aru. (きょうの午後会議がある。)

3) Peter has a family (a wife and children).
Japanese: Taro ni wa kazoku (saishi) ga aru. (太郎には家族（妻子）がある。)　Taro is a common man's first name.

4) Beth is a student.
Japanese: Hanako wa gakusei de aru. （花子は学生である。) Hanako is a common woman's first name.

Besides ＜aru (ある)＞ covers everything in the world, one variant of ＜aru (ある)＞, ＜ara-wa-su (あらわす)＞ means <to express> (one of the most important functions of language and word). So, ＜aru (ある)＞ is really a big word.


sptt

Arithmetic words in Native Japanese

The basic four arithmetic operations (in a verb form) are almost always expressed by Native Japanese verbs. Although sometimes using the Chinese characters in wring the pronunciations remain the same, Native Japanese.


1. Addition
to add -  ta-su, たす (足す), ku-wa-e-ru, くわえる （加える). The simpler ta-su, たす is commonly used. Noun form - ta-shi, たし (足し)

2. Subtraction
to subtract - hi-ku, ひく （引く). Noun form - hi-ki, ひき （引き).

3. Multiplication
to multiply - ka-ke-ru, かける (掛ける). Noun form -ka-ke, かけ (掛け)

4.Division
to divide - wa-ru, わる (割る). Noun form - wa-ri, わり (割り)

5. Equality
be equal to  - (xx ni) hi-to-shi-i, (xx に) ひとしい、(等しい)

Except 1 (Addition ta-su, たすand  ku-wa-e-ru) the other three 2, 3, 4 are are not only used for arithmetic used but used more universally as well.

1 + 2 = 3

In Japanese, we say ＜ichi (1) tasu ni (2) wa san (3)＞. ＜いち（１）　たす　に（２）　は　さん（３）＞.

Note: The numbers uses in arithmetic are the ones of the Chinese origin, not Native Japanese words (numbers) except ＜shi, し、4＞. ＜4＞ is usually pronounced as ＜yon, よん＞.

2. Subtraction, hi-ku, ひく has the basic meaning of ＜to draw, to pull＞and but has versatile meanings. Please refer to the follwoing post explaining hi-ku, ひく if you are familiar with written Japanese.

http://sptt-latin-subjunctive.blogspot.hk/2012/11/blog-post_11.html

 3 - 2 = 1

In Japanese, we say ＜san (3) huku ni (2) wa ichi (1)＞. ＜さん（３)　ひく　に（２）　は　は　いち（１）＞.

3. Multiplication, ka-ke-ru, かける also has very much versatile meanings. Please refer to the follwoing post explaining ka-ke-ru, かける if you are familiar with written Japanese.

http://sptt-latin-subjunctive.blogspot.hk/2012/11/blog-post_19.html

 2 x 3 = 6

 In Japanese, we say ＜ni (2) kakeru san (3) wa roku (6)＞. ＜に（２） かける　さん（３)　は　ろく　（６）＞.

4. Division, wa-ru, わる has the basic meaning of ＜to break, to cut (into pieces)＞, which easily leads to the meaning of ＜to devide＞.

4 / 2 = 2

In Japanese, we say ＜yon (4) (*) waru ni (2) wa ni (2)＞. ＜よん(4)　わる　に（２）　は　に（２）＞.

As mentioned previously yon (4) instead of shi (4) is usually used although shi (4) can be used.

－－－－
The noun forms of the above four verbs are simple, just to change the last syllable.

1. Addition：　ta-su, たす (足す ーー＞　 ta-shi, たし (足し)

2. Subtraction：　hi-ku, ひく （引く)  ーー＞　 hi-ki, ひき （引き).

3. Multiplication：　ka-ke-ru, かける (掛ける)　ーー＞　ka-ke, かけ (掛け)

4.Division：　wa-ru, わる (割る)　ーー＞　wa-ri, わり (割り)


However these noun forms are not used in arithmetic but used in the daily conversations in figurative ways.

ta-shi hi-ki, たし (足し) ひき （引き) - to sum up or summing up
ka-ke hi-kii, かけ (掛け) ひき （引き) - to
wa-ri hi-ki, わり (割り) ひき （引き) 　ーーー＞ wa-ri bi-ki, わり (割り) びき （引き) - discount, to discount 

－－－－

5. Equality
be equal to  - (xx ni) hi-to-shi-i, (xx に) ひとしい、(等しい)

As shown in the above simple calculations the equality is usually expressed ＜wa（は）＞, roughly meaning ＜be＞. In a more formal arithmetic way ＜hi-to-shi-i, ひとしい＞ is used.

 1 + 2 = 3

In this case we say ＜ichi (1) tasu ni (2) wa san (3) ni hitoshii＞. ＜いち（１）　たす　に（２）　は　さん（３）　にひとしい＞. ＜hitoshii, ひとしい＞ is an adjective taking the helping word of＜ni, に＞ like ＜be equal to＞ in English.

＜hi-to, ひと＞ may relates with the Native Japanese number word of one (1) - ＜hi-to, ひと＞.  one (1) shows identity in Multiplication and Division. a x 1 = a,   b / 1 = b.


Contrast to the above simple or elementary Arithmetic, Algebra do not seem to have existed up to the introduction of the Western mathematics (some exception existed), which means there were almost no Native Japanese words for Algebra.  A lot of newly coined (and still being coined) Chinese character words have been used (although a few Native Japanese are used) and its abstract nature (especially modern mathematics) the explanations of Algebra in Japanese becomes not familiar but foreign and abstract.


sptt