Adjective --> Verb Conjugations

Adjective Conjugations

Japanese adjectives conjugate - to change the un-root part (which follows the root part) - and very systematically. The words change in this system are called adjective.  We do not elaborate the adjective conjugations here but only deal with Verb Conjugations - how to change an adjective to a verb - intransitive and transitive, which is also very systematic or we could say very simple.

ha-ya-i (はやい、速い、早い) -  ha-ya-ku-na-ru (速くなる、早くなる)  -  ha-ya-ku-su-ru (速くする、早くする)  - fast as well as early -  to become fast (early)  -  to make st fast (early)

A. ＜na-ru＞＜su-ru ＞pair

ha-ya-ku = adverb
na-ru (なる) intransitive verb： can be independently used and means ＜to become＞and attached to the adjective root (ha-ya) -ku from.
su-ru (する) transitive verb ： can be independently used and means ＜to do＞ but in this case ＜to make＞st adjective and attached to the adjective root (ha-ya) -ku from.
＜na-ru＞＜su-ru ＞pair can be used universally to any adjective.



ha-ya-i (はやい、速い、早い) -  ha-ya-ma-ru (速まる、早まる) (verb) -  ha-ya-me-ru (速める、早める) (verb) - fast as well as early -  to become fast (early)  -  to make st fast (early)

B. ＜ma-ru ＞＜me-ru＞pair

ha-ya = a base of an adjective ＜ha-ya-i＞
ma-ru (まる)= a intransitive verb ending. Not independently used but attached to the adjective root (fa-ya) and means ＜to become＞
me-ru (める)= a transitive verb ending. Not independently used but attached to the adjective root (fa-ya) and means ＜to make＞.
＜ma-ru ＞＜me-ru＞ forms are frequently used in Japanese to make an intransitive verb (ma-ru) and a transitive verb (me-ru) to add a base of an adjective.

o-so-i (おそい、遅い) -  o-so-ku-na-ru (遅くなる) -  o-so-ku-su-ru (遅くする) - slow as well as late -  to become slow (late)  -  to make st slow (late)
o-so-i (おそい、遅い) -  o-so-ma-ru (遅まる)  -  o-so-me-ru (遅める)  - slow as well as late -  to become slow (late)  -  to make st slow (late)
In case of the meaning of slow (not late) we have another adjective <no-ro-i> but this adjective has no ＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: no-ro-i (のろい) has some figurative meanings of slow (not bright, not smart or simply stupid) while o-so-i (おそい) does not.
no-so-i (のろい) -  o-so-ku-na-ru (のろくなる) -  o-so-ku-su-ru (のろくする) - slow  -  to become slow  -  to make st slow.

to-o-i (とおい、遠い) -  to-o-ku-na-ru (遠くなる) -  to-o-ku-su-ru (遠くする) -  ar (away) -  to become far (away) -  to make st far (away)
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms:  o-o-i (とおい、遠い) -  to-o-ma-ru  (遠まる) -  to-o-me-ru (遠める) - possible but rarely used
chi-ka-i (ちかい、近い) -  chi-ka-ku-na-ru (近くなる) -  chi-ka-ku-su-ru (近くなる) -  to become near(er), close(er) -  to make st near(er), close(er)
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms:  chi-ka-i (ちかい、近い) -  chi-ka-ma-ru (近まる) -  chi-ka-me-ru (近める) -  to become near(er), close(er) -  to make st near(er), close(er)

ya-su-i  (やすい、安い) -  ya-su-ku-na-ru (安くなる) -  ya-su-ku-su-ru (安くする)  -  cheap -  to become cheap -  to make st cheap
ta-ka-i (たかい、高い) -  ta-ka-ku-na-ru (高くなる) -  ta-ka-ku-su-ru (高くする)  -  expensive or physically high　-  to become expensive or high -  to make st expensive or high
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms:  ta-ka-ii (たかい、高い) -  ta-ka-ma-ru (高まる)  -  ta-ka-me-ru (高める)　-  expensive or physically high　-  to become expensive or high-  to make st expensive or high

a-tsu-i (あつい、暑い、熱い) -  a-tsu-ku-na-ru (暑くなる、熱くなる)  -  a-tsu-ku-su-ru (熱くする)
stresses on tsu -  hot  -  to become hot-  to make st hot
a-tsu-i (あつい、厚い)　(no stress on tsu) - thick
a-at-ta-ka-i (あたたかい、暖かい)- a-at-ta-ka-ku-na-ru (暖かくなる) - a-at-ta-ka-ku-su-ru ((暖かくする) -  warm  -  to become warm -  to make st warm
usually  used for weather, human body
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: a-at-ta-ka-i (あたたかい、暖かい) - a-ta-ta-ma-ru (暖（or 温）まる) - a-ta-ta-me-ru (暖（or 温）める) -  warm  -  to become warm -  to make st warm
usually used for cooking
sa-mu-i (さむい、寒い)  -  sa-mu-ku-na-ru (寒くなる) -  (sa-mu-ku-su-ru　 (寒くする), possible but rarely used)  -  cold  -  to become cold -  to make st cold
usually  used for weather, human body
sa-me-ta (さめた、冷めた) (not sa-mu-i)  -  sa-me-ru (冷める) -  sa-ma-su (冷ます) -  cold -  to become cold -  to make st cold. <sa-me-ta> is the past (participle) form of  the verb <sa-me-ru>.
usually  used for cooking
The English adjective <cold> can mean both <cold weather> and <cold food> but the Japanese have two different adjectives - sa-mu-i (さむい、寒い) and sa-me-ta (さめた、冷めた). <sa-me-ta> is the past or past perfect form of  the verve <sa-me-ru> (intransitive verb). The past or past perfect form of  the verb ＜sa-ma-su＞ (transitive verb) is <sa-ma-sa-re-ta>, which is seldom used.＜sa-mu-i＞ may have a relation with ＜sa-mi-shi-i (さみしい)＞ (sad).

o-o-ki-i (おおきい、大きい) -  o-o-ki-ku-na-ru (大きくなる)  -  o-o-ki-ku-su-ru (大きくする) -  big, large -  to become big, large -  to make st big, large.

ch-i-sa-i (ちいさい、小さい)  -  ch-i-sa-ku-na-ru (小さくなる) -  ch-i-sa-ku-su-ru (小さくする) -  little (physically)  -  to become little -  to make st little

su-ku-na-i (すくない、少ない) -   su-ku-na-ku-na-ru (少なくなる)  -  su-ku-na-ku-su-ru (少なくする)
few or little  -  to become fewer or little -  to make st fewer or little
o-o-i (おおい、多い) -   o-o-ku-na-ru (多くなる)  -  o-o-ku-su-ru (多くする)
many or very much  -  to become more or very much -  to make st more or very much

hi-ro-i (ひろい、広い)  -  hi-ro-ku-na-ru (広くなる)  -  hi-ro-ku-su-ru (広くする) -  spacious or wide -  to become spacious or wide -  to make st spacious or wide
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms:  hi-ro-i (ひろい、広い) -  hi-ro-ma-ru (広まる)  -  hi-ro-me-ru (広める)
<hi-ro-i> has one more adjective conjugation.
hi-ro-i (ひろい、広い) -  hi-ro-ga-ru (広がる)  -  hi-ro-ge-ru (広げる) 
se-ma-i (せまい、狭い) -  se-ma-ku-na-ru (狭くなる)  -  se-ma-ku-su-ru (狭くする) -  small in space or narrow in width -  to become small in space or narrow in width -  to make st small in space or narrow in width
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: se-ma-i  (せまい、狭い) (se-ba-shi (せばし)) -  se-ba-ma-ru (狭まる) -  se-ba-me-ru (狭める)

na-ga-i (ながい、長い) - na-ga-ku-na-ru (長くなる) -  na-ga-ku-su-ru (長くする) -  long -  to become long -  to make st long
mi-ji-ka-i (みじかい、短い) - mi-ji-ka-ku-na-ru (短くなる) -  mi-ji-ka-ku-su-ru (短くする) -  short -  to become short -  to make st short

o-mo-i (おもい、重い)  -  o-mo-ku-na-ru (重くなる)  -  o-mo-ku-su-ru (重くする) -  heavy -  to become heavy -  to make st heavy
ka-ru-i (かるい、軽い) -  ka-ru-ku-na-ru (軽くなる) -  ka-ru-ku-su-ru　(軽くする) -  light in weight -  to become light -  to make st light

a-sa-i (あさい、浅い) -  a-sa-ku-na-ru (浅くなる) -  a-sa-ku-su-ru (浅くなる) -  shallow -  to become shallow -  to make stshallow
hu-ka-i (ふかい、深い)  -  hu-ka-ku-na-ru (深くなる) -  hu-ka-ku-su-ru (深くする) -  deep -  to become deep -  to make st deep
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: hu-ka-i (ふかい、深い) -  hu-ka-ma-ru (深まる) -  hu-ka-me-ru (深める)

yo-i (よい、良い) -  yo-ku-na-ru (良くなる) -  yo-ku-su-ru  (良くする) -  good -  to become good (or better) -  to make st good (or better)
ko-no-ma-shi-i (このましい、好ましい) -  ko-no-ma-shi-ku-na-ru (好ましくなる) -  ko-no-ma-shi-ku-su-ru (好ましくする).  -  favorable -  to become favorable -  to make st favorable. ko-no-ma-shi-ku-su-ru is seldom used.
wa-ru-i (わるい、悪い) -  wa-ru-ku-na-ru (悪くなる) -  wa-ru-ku-su-ru (悪くする)  (Old word: a-shi　あし、悪し) -  bad -  to become bad (worse)  -  to make st worse
hi-do-i (ひどい) -  hi-do-ku-na-ru (ひどくなる) - hi-do-ku-su-ru (ひどくする) -  terrible -  to become  terrible -  to make st  terrible

u-to-ma-shi-i (うとましい) -  u-to-ma-shi-ku-na-ru (うとましくなる) -　u-to-ma-shi-ku-su-ru (うとましくする) -  annoying -  to become annoying -  to make st annoying

i-ya-shi-i (いやしい、卑しい) (*) -  i-ya-shi-ku-na-ru (卑しくなる)  - ( i-ya-shi-ku-su-ru - no this verb used) -  mean (spiteful) -  to become mean -  to make st mean

i-ma-i-ma-shi-i (いまいましい) -  u-to-ma-shi-ku-na-ru (いまいましくなる)  - u-to-ma-shi-ku-su-ru (いまいましくする) -  irritating -  to become irritating-  to make st irritating

i-ya-na (いやな)(*) -  i-ya-ni-na-ru (いやになる)  -　( i-ya-ni-su-ru - no this verb) -  detestable -  to become detestable -  (   )
 i-ya-na (いやな)(*) -  i-ya-ga-ru (いやがる)  -　( i-ya-ge-ru - no this verb) -  detestable - to seem detestable  -  (   )
＜i-ya-na＞ is not an adjective but an adjective-verb. We may see ＜adjective-verb --> Verb Conjugations ＞ later.

u-tsu-ku-shi-i (うつくしい、美しい) -  u-tsu-ku-shi-ku-na-ru (美しくなる) -  u-tsu-ku-shi-ku-su-ru (美しくする) -  beautiful -  to become beautiful -  to make st beautiful
ki-re-i (きれいな、綺麗な)(*) -  ki-re-i-ni-na-ru (綺麗になる)-  ki-re-i-ni-su-ru (綺麗にする) -  beautiful(pretty) -  to become beautiful (pretty)-  to make st beautiful (pretty)
＜ki-re-i ＞ is not an adjective but an adjective-verb.
ki-yo-i (きよい、清い)  - ki-yo-ku-na-ru (清くなる) -  ki-yo-ku-su-ru (清くなる) -  pure-  to become pure -  to make st pure
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms:  ki-yo-i (きよい、清い)  - ki-yo-ma-ru (清まる) -  ki-yo-me-ru (清める)
mi-ni-ku-i (みにくい) -  mi-ni-ku-ku-na-ru (みにくくなる) -  mi-ni-ku-ku-su-ru (みにくくする) -  ugly-  to become ugly -  to make st ugly. <mi-ni-ku-i> literally means <hard to see>
ki-ta-na-i (きたない) -  ki-ta-na-ku-na-ru (きたくなる) -  ki-ta-na-ku-su-ru (きたくする) -  dirty-  to become dirty -  to make st dirty
<na-i> of <ki-ta-na-i> means <not>, the megative adjective.

tsu-yo-i (つよい、強い) -   tsu-yo-ku-na-ru (強くなる)  -  tsu-yo-ku-su-ru (強くする) -  strong-  to become  strong -  to make st strong
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: tsu-yo-i (つよい、強い) -  htsu-yo-ma-ru (強まる) - tsu-yo-me-ru (強める)
<tsu-yo-i> has one more adjective conjugation.
tsu-yo-i (つよい、強い) -  tsu-yo-ga-ru (強がる)  -  (tsu-yo-ge-ru no this verb used)
yo-wa-i (よわい、弱い) -   yo-wa-ku-na-ru (弱くなる)  -  yo-wa-ku-su-ru (弱くする) -  weak-  to become weak -  to make st weak
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms:  yo-wa-i (よわい、弱い) -  yo-wa-ma-ru (弱まる)  -  yo-wa-me-ru (弱める)

ka-ta-i (かたい、硬い)  -   ka-ta-ku-na-ru (硬くなる) -  ka-ta-ku-su-ru ((硬くなる) -  hard-  to become hard -  to make st hard
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms:  ka-ta-i ((かたい、固い) -  ka-ta-ma-ru (固まる) - ka-ta-me-ru (固める)
ya-wa-ra-ka-i (やわらかい、柔らかい) -   ya-wa-ra-ka-ku-na-ru (柔らかくなる)  -  ya-wa-ra-ka-ku-su-ru (柔らかくする) -  soft-  to become soft -  to make st soft

hu-ru-i (ふるい、古い) -  hu-ru-ku-na-ru (古くなる)  -  hu-ru-ku-su-ru (古くする) -  old-  to become old -  to make st old
a-ta-ra-shi-i (あたらしい、新しい) -   a-ta-ra-shi-ku-na-ru (新しくなる) -  a-ta-ra-shi-ku-su-ru (新しくする)
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: (a-ra-ta-na (あらたな、新たな) -  a-ra-ta-ma-ru (あらたまる)  -  a-ra-ta-me-ru (あらためる)  (Old word: a-ra-ta-mu (verb) -  new-  to become new -  to make st new

ki-tsu-i (きつい) -   ki-tsu-ku-na-ru (きつくなる)  -  ki-tsu-ku-su-ru (きつくする) -  tightened (tightening) (hard, mentally) -  to become  tightened -  to make st tightened
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: (ki-tsu-i (きつい) -  ki-tsu-ma-ru (きつまる)  -  ki-tsu-me-ru (きつめる)
yu-ru-i (ゆるい) -   yu-ru-ku-na-ru (ゆるくなる) -  yu-ru-ku-su-ru (ゆるくする) -  relaxed -  to become relaxed -  to make st relaxed
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: （yu-ru-i (ゆるい) -  yu-ru-ma-ru　(ゆるまる)  -  yu-ru-me-ru　(ゆるめる)

su-ru-do-i (するどい、鋭い)  -   su-ru-do-ku-na-ru (鋭くなる) -  su-ru-do-ku-su-ru (鋭くする) - acute   - to become acute   - to make st acute
ni-bu-i  (にぶい、鈍い) -   ni-bu-ku-na-ru (鈍くなる) (ni-bu-ru (鈍る)) -  ni-bu-ku-su-ru (鈍くする) - dumn   - to become dumn   - to make st dumn

a-ra-i (あらい、粗い) -   a-ra-ku-na-ru (粗くなる) -  a-ra-ku-su-ru (粗くする) - rough  - to become rough - to make st rough
ko-ma-ka-i (こまかい、細かい)  -  ko-ma-ka-ku-na-ru (細かくなる)  -  ko-ma-ka-ku-su-ru (細かくする) - fine  - to become fine - to make st fine
(na-me-ra-ka-na (なめらかな、滑らかな) -   na-me-ra-ka-ni-na-ru (滑らかになる)  -  na-me-ra-ka-ni-su-ru (滑らかにする) - smooth - to become smooth - to make st smooth

ko-i (こい、濃い) -   ko-ku-na-ru (濃くなる) -  ko-ku-su-ru　(濃くする) - dense  - to become denth - to make stdenth
a-tsu-i (あつい、厚い) -  a-tsu-ku-na-ru (厚くなる)  -  a-tsu-ku-su-ru  (厚くする) - thick  - to become thick - to make st thick
u-su-i (うすい、薄い) -  u-su-ku-na-ru (薄くなる) -  u-su-ku-su-ru  (薄くする) - thin  - to become thin - to make st thin
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: u-su-i ((うすい、薄い) -  u-su-ma-ru (薄まる)  -  u-su-me-ru (薄める) - thin (mostly liquid) - to become thin - to make st thin

ma-ru-i (まるい、丸い) -   ma-ru-ku-na-ru (丸くなる) -  ma-ru-ku-su-ru (丸くする)- round - to become round - to make st round 
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: ma-ru-i (まるい、丸い) -   ma-ru-ma-ru (丸まる) -  ma-ru-me-ru (丸める)
ka-do-ka-do shi-i (かどかどしい) -  ka-do-ka-do shi-ku-na-ru (かどかどしくなる) -  ka-do-ka-do shi-ru ((かどかどしくする)　－－＞ka-do-ba-ru (かどばる、角張る）?
shi-ka-ku-i  (しかくい、四角い)　-  shi-ka-ku-ku-na-ru (四角くなる) -  shi-ka-ku-ku-su-ru (四角くする) - of square - to become square - to make st square

ka-na-shi-i (かなしい、悲しい) -   ka-na-shi-ku-na-ru (悲しくなる) -  ka-na-shi-ku-su-ru (悲しくする)-  ka-na-shi-ku-sa-se-ru (悲しくさせる)　　 - sad - to become sad - to make oneself sad -- to make sb sad

ta-no-shi-i (たのしい) -   ta-no-shi-ku-na-ru (たのしくなる) -  ta-no-shi-ku-su-ru (たのしくする) - -ta-no-shi-ku-sa-se-ru (たのしくさせる) - happy (delighted) - to become happy - to make oneself happy -  - to make sb happy
u-re-shi-i (うれしい) -   u-re-shi-ku-na-ru (うれしくなる)  -  u-re-shi-ku-su-ru (うれしくする)- seldom used) - happy (delighted) - to become happy - to make sb/oneself happy

ka-shi-ko-i (かしこい、賢い) -  ka-shi-ko-ku-na-ru (賢くなる) -  ka-shi-ko-ku-su-ru (賢くする) - bright (clever)   - to become  bright - to make oneself  bright

o-ro-ka-na (おろかな、愚かな) -  o-ro-ka-ni-na-ru (愚かになる) -　(o-ro-ka-ni-su-ru (愚かにする) - stupid  - to become stupid  - to regard/treat sb as stupid
ba-ka-na (ばかな) -  ba-ka-ni-na-ru (ばかになる) - ba-ka--ni-su-ru (ばかにする) - stupid  - to become stupid  - to regard/treat sb as stupid
＜o-ro-ka-na＞,＜ba-ka-na＞ are not adjectives but adjective-verbs.

ta-da-shi-i (ただしい、正しい) -  ta-da-shi-ku-na-ru (正しくなる)  -  ta-da-shi-ku-su-ru (正しくする) - right (righteous)  - to become right   - to make oneself right. ta-da-su (ただす、正す) means to correct st/sb.

i-so-ga-shi-i (いそがしい、忙しい) -  i-so-ga-shi-ku-na-ru (忙しくなる)-  i-so-ga-shi-ku-su-ru (忙しくする) - busy  - to become busy  - to make oneself busy
hi-ma-na (ひまな、暇な) -  hi-ma-ni-na-ru (暇になる) -  hi-ma-ni-su-ru (暇にする) (seldom used)　 - not busy (nothing to do)  - to become not busy  - to make oneself not busy


i-sa-ma-shi-i (いさましい、勇ましい) -  i-sa-ma-ku-na-ru (勇ましくなる)  -  i-sa-ma-ku-su-ru (勇ましくする) - courageous  - to become courageous  - to make oneself courageous
i-sa-gi-yoi-i (いさぎよい) -  i-sa-gi-yo-ku-na-ru (いさぎよくなる) - seldom used) -  i-sa-gi-yo-ku-su-ru (いさぎよくする) - selfless  - to become  selfless  - to make oneself  selfless

 i-sa-gi-yoi-i (いさぎよい) is not exactly same as "selfless". May be more like courageous (brave) without considering oneself

o-ku-byo-na (おくびょうな、臆病な) (Chinese origin) -  o-ku-byo-ni-na-ru (おくびょうになる)  -　( o-ku-byo-ni-su-ru (おくびょうにする) - no this verb) -  timid -  to become timid -  (   )
hi-kyo-na (ひきょうな、卑怯な)  (Chinese origin) -  hi-kyo-ni-na-ru (ひきょうになる)  -　(hi-kyo-ni-su-ru (ひきょうにする) - no this verb) -  shrewd -  to become shrewd -  (   )

These (o-ku-byo-na, hi-kyo-na) not adjectives but an adjective-verbs. We may see ＜adjective-verb --> Verb Conjugations ＞ later.


u-ma i (うまい)  -  u-ma-ku-na-ru (うまくなる)  -  u-ma-ku-su-ru (うまくする)  ("skillful" as an adjective, "well" as an adverb)
he-ta-na (へたな)(*)  -  he-ta-ni-na-ru (へたになる) -  he-ta-ni-su-ru (へたにする) ("not skillful" as an adjective, "not well" as an adverb)
<he-ta-na>  is not an adjective but an adjective-verb.
ma-zu-i (まずい) -  ma-zu-ku-na-ru (まずくなる)  -  ma-zu-ku-su-ru (まずくする) ("bad in a way of doing" as an adjective, "badly" as an adverb)
<ma-zu-i (まずい)> means also <not tasty>.  (see below)

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o-i-shi-i (おいしい)  -  o-i-shi-ku-na-ru (おいしくなる) -  o-i-shi-ku-su-ru (おいしくする)
u-ma i (うまい)  -  u-ma-ku-na-ru (うまくなる)  -  u-ma-ku-su-ru (うまくする)  ("tasty" as an adjective)
ma-zu-i (まずい) -  ma-zu-ku-na-ru (まずくなる)  -  ma-zu-ku-su-ru (まずくする) (" not tasty" as an adjective)

a-ma-i (あまい、甘い) -  a-ma-ku-na-ru (甘くなる) - a-ma-ku-su-ru (甘くする)　-  sweet
ka-ra-i (からい、辛い) -  ka-ra-ku-na-ru (辛くなる)  - ka-ra-ku-su-ru (辛くなる)　-  hot, spicy
sup-pa-i (すっぱい、酸っぱい) -  sup-pa-ku-na-ru (酸っぱくなる) - sup-pa-ku-su-ru (酸っぱくなる)　  -  sour
shop-pa-i (しょっぱい) -  shop-pa-ku-na-ru (しょっぱくなる)  - shop-pa-ku-su-ru (しょっぱくする)  -  salty
shi-o-ka-ra-i (しおからい、塩辛い) -  shi-o-ka-ra-ku-na-ru (塩辛くなる)  - shi-o-ka-ra-ku-su-ru (塩辛くする)　－  salty
ni-ga-i (にがい、苦い) -  ni-ga--ku-na-ru (苦くなる) -  ni-ga-ku-su-ru(苦くする)　- bitter
shi-bu-i (しぶい、渋い) -  (shi-bu-ku-na-ru (渋くなる) - shi-bu-ku-su-ru　(渋くする)　-　adjective of  "tannin" taste
------

i-ta-i  (いたい、痛い) -  i-ta-ku-na-ru (痛くなる) - i-ta-ku-su-ru (痛くする)　(usually oneself) - painful (mostly physically)
i-ta-ma-shi-i (いたましい、痛ましい) - i-ta-ma-shi-ku-na-ru (痛ましくなる) - i-ta-ma-shi-ku-su-ru (痛ましくする) - painful (mentally)

da-ru-i (だるい) -  da-ru-ku-na-ru (だるくなる)  -  (da-ru-ku-su-ru (だるくする) - seldom used) - tired, to feel not physically active

Elementary Algebra in Japanese

Our ancient people were smart enough and already had the verbs for basic Algebra.


1.  To add : <ta-su> (たす).  Related words:

<ta-su-ke-ru> (たすける）to help
<ta-su-ka-ru> (たすかる）to be helped.
-----
<ku-wa-e-ru> (くわえる) to add. The old form <ku-wa-u> (くわう).
<ma-su> (ます)　to increase


2.  To subtract: <hi-ku> (ひく).   Related words:　

1) hi-ku　(ひく, 引く)  to pull,
2) hi-ku　(ひく, 引く)  to draw
3) hi-ku　(ひく, 退く)  to withdraw
4) hi-ku　(ひく, 惹く)  to attract  (like gravity)

The pronunciations and intonations are all the same <hi-ku> .
 -----
5) <he-ru> (へる)  to decrease


3. To multiply: <ka-ke-ru> (かける). Related words:　

The origin of this a bit complicated algebra  is unknown. 

Related words:　

はしをかける（hashi wo ka-ke-ru）：To build a bride (across over the river)
はしごをかける（hashigo wo ka-ke-ru）：To set a ladder (to the roof to clime up to it)
あしをかける（ashi wo ka-ke-ru）：To place something (like a rope or your own foot) at the foot or feet of someone else (who is walking) to make him stumble. Or like in Judo or Sumou (Japanese traditional wrestling or their National Sport), to place the own foot at the foot or feet of the opponent (who is standing) and push somewhere at the upper part to make him stumble by using the lever effect.

For ref.

<ka-ke-ru> has several different meanings.

1) ka-ke-ru (intonation at ke - Tokyo accent)

i)   to hang ( ka-ke-ru - 懸ける when the Chinese letter used)  The old form is ka-ku.
ii)  to place something with two points of it as the supporting points against something else like a bridge and ladder shown above (also ka-ke-ru - 掛けるWhen the Chinese letter used).

iii)   to run  ( ka-ke-ru - 駆ける when the Chinese letter used). The old form is ka-ku.
iv)  to bet ( ka-ke-ru - 賭ける when the Chinese letter used). The old form is ka-ku.
v)  to scratch (ka-ku -  掻く when the Chinese letter used, ka-ke-ru means to be able to scratch, scratche-able)
vi)  to write (ka-ku -  書く　when the Chinese letter used, ka-ke-ru means to be able to write, readable)


2) ka-ke-ru (intonation at ru) or maybe ka-ke-ru (flat with no intonation) in - Tokyo accent

i) to be missing, to be insufficient  欠ける. The old form is ka-ku.


There seems to be no relation between the <multiply>  <ka-ke-ru> and the other <ka-ke-ru>s.

Wild guess - 1 (basic concept)

Please read some of the above again.

ii)   to place something with two points of it as the supporting points against something else like a bridge and ladder shown above (also ka-ke-ru - 掛ける　when the Chinese letter used).  はしをかける（hashi wo ka-ke-ru), はしごをかける（hashigo wo ka-ke-ru).

and 

あしをかける（ashi wo ka-ke-ru）：To place something (like a rope or your own foot) at the foot or feet of someone else (who is walking) to make him stumble. Or like in Judo or Sumou (Japanese traditional wrestling or their National Sport), to place the own foot at the foot or feet of the opponent (who is standing) and push somewhere at the upper part to make him stumble by using the lever effect.

There are something in common - the function of the supporting point(s). Especially あしをかける（ashi wo ka-ke-ru）by using the lever effect. See below:



The lever effect is commonly seen and used but this is a kind of magic and based on the multiplication.

Y = aX

X is multiplied by <a>. If <a> is small, say <1, 2 ,3> Y changes a little, while <a> is large, say < 10, 100, 1,000> X changes a lot.

Wild guess - 2 (historical)

I have not checked but the concept and use of ka-ke-ru (to multiply) is not so old and probably after the commercial activity started. Merchants are generally profit conscious. They may have started to use multiplication by using a factor of 1.1, 1.15, 1.20, etc to make their selling prices including their profits or even divided by a factor of 0.9, 0.85, 0.8, etc to do so. The former case was called simply 1, 1.5, 2, ect ka-ke or ga-ke and the latter case was called 0.9, 0.85, 0.8, etc ka-ke or ga-ke or uchi-ga-ke - uchi means <inner> and the front <0.> was omitted and say 9, 8.5, 8 ga-ke .


4.  To divide: <wa-ru> （わる、割る）Related words:　

<wa-ru> （わる）: to break something into pieces
<wa-ke-ru> （わける）: to divide to parts



sptt

Playing with Japanese two syllable verbs

The Japanese verbs are generally short - mostly two or three syllables - and ending the vowel <u> or <consonant + u>. Let's make (not learn) Japanese two syllable verbs.

Notes:

1) The Bold typed words have meaning and are actually used. But these are in the "ending form" or the "representative or infinitive" form like <to verb> in English although is used as it is for certain situations. The second syllable changes (conjugates) with the usage. The "ending form" mostly used when ending the sentence while the other forms are usually followed by another word - another verb or helping word or noun.

2) The underline in the verbs shows the location of the high intonation, like Chinese accent (may not be the same), not strong stress accent like in English and German. And this high intonation location sometime varies with the geographical location in Japan such as Tokyo and Osaka or with some other word in front of it or after it. I take the Tokyo intonation (accent), which is regarded as the standard Japanese now. The mistaken intonation can be understood with some strangeness.

3) The italic verbs: When necessary to help you to play with more interest I have added old forms and they are shown in italic, some of which are still used now.

4) The verb should be classified into Transitive verb and Intransitive verb. But the Japanese verbs are used in fairy different grammatical structured from the English. Some verbs are regarded as used as transitive verb and some are regarded used as intransitive verb but the differences are not so distinctive as English. For instance since  a <helping word> (called <jyo-shi> is  used together with even a transitive verb in Japanese the English grammar structural definition of the transitive verb <Verb + Direct Object> cannot be applied. It may be confusing but I intentionally do not use this Direct and Indirect verbs classification because if I use it more confusions may show up. Instead I try to use prepositions as mush as possible in the English translations to show the differences.

5) The meaning(s) in English should be regarded as reference as the Japanese and English are so different in in nature almost no exact one-to-one equivalent for any verbs. So if you want to know more about the verb you interested in please consult a good dictionary which explains well and shows many examples how the verb is used in actual situations.

6) There is a rule that <r> sound does not come first (the first sound in the first syllable)  in the native Japanese original words - verbs, nouns adjectives, adverbs, helping verbs. helping words. But <ru-> row are shown to show no exception to this rule (though verbs only).

1.  ending <vowel u>

-u

a-u, ka-u,  sa-u,   ta-u,   na-u,  ha-u,  ma-u,  ya-u,  ra-u,  wa-u

i-u,  ki-u,   shi-u,  chi-u,  ni-u,    hi-u,   mi-u,  ( i-u),  ri-u, ---

u-u,  ku-u,  su-u,  tsu-u,  nu-u,  hu-u,  mu-u,  yu-u,  ru-u, ---

e-u,  ke-u,  se-u,   te-u,    ne-u,  he-u,  me-u,   ye-u,  re-u, ---

o-u,  ko-u,  so-u,  to-u,   no-u,  ho-u,  mo-u,  yo-u, ro-u, ---


a-u   (あう、1) 会う、2) 合う) - 1) to meet (with), 2) to match with
i-u    (いう、言う) - to say

o-u　(おう、1) 追う、2) 負う) - 1) to follow, 2) to bear (be responsible for)
ka-u  (かう、飼う） - 1) to feed (an animal)
ka-u  (かう、買う） - 2) to buy
ku-u  (くう、食う) - to eat (vulgar), the polite form is <ta-be-ru> (たべる、食る）.

ko-u  (こう、1) 乞う、2) 請う) - 1) to beg, 2 )to ask for

su-u  (すう、吸う) - to swallow, to absorb, to take (a breath), to smoke (a cigarette)
so-u  (そう、1) 沿う、2) 添う) - 1) to go (be) along with, 2) to accompany 
to-u  (とう、問う) - to ask (a question)

na-u  (なう) - to twist (straws to make a rope). Rarely used in the modern life.
nu-u  (ぬう、縫う) - to sew

ha-u  (はう) - to crawl, to creep

yo-u  (よう、酔う) - to get drunken, to get seasick, or more generally to get motion sickness

Not many combinations are used. Most of the above <-u> endings are originally <-hu> ending. <hu> is a rather special pronunciation so it is a bit difficult to produce it the same or very similar manner by different people and so to hear clearly.
No analysis on these verbs as I cannot find any rules or groupings in them except only 1) one verb in the <-i> row and 2) no verb in the <-e> row, which is common for the other groups too and typical in the verb making system. This is probably because <i> and <e> are not so clearly pronounced (closed or backward vowels) and not so clearly heard either while<a> and <o> are clearly pronounced (open or front vowels).

2.  ending <consonant + u>: - ku, -su, -tsu, -nu, -hu, -mu, -yu, -ru,

2 -1 -ku

a-ku,  ka-ku,  sa-ku,   ta-ku,   na-ku,  ha-ku,  ma-ku,  ya-ku,   ra-ku, wa-ku

i-ku,  ki-ku,   shi-ku,   chi-ku,   ni-ku,   hi-ku,   mi-ku,    (i-ku),   ri-ku, ---

u-ku,  ku-ku,  su-ku,   tsu-ku,  nu-ku,  hu-ku,  mu-ku,   yu-ku,  ru-ku, ---

e-ku,  ke-ku,   se-ku,    te-ku,    ne-ku,  he-ku,   me-ku,    ye-ku,   re-ku, ---

o-ku,  ko-ku,  so-ku,    to-ku,    no-ku,  ho-ku,  mo-ku,   yo-ku,   ro-ku, ---

a-ku (あく、飽く)　- to get tired of, to get bored (in)

a-ku (あく、1) 開く、2) 空く)  - 1) to open, 2) to become empty

i-ku (いく、行く)  - to go

u-ku (うく、浮く)  - to float

u-ku (うく、憂く)  - to worry

o-ku (おく、置く)  - to put, to place
ka-ku (かく、1) 書く、2) 掻く)  - 1) to write; 2) to scratch (in the very old days, to write by scratching on something)
ka-ku (かく、欠く)  - to be insufficient, not to suffice
ki-ku (きく、1) 聞く、2) 効く)  - 1) to listen to ;  2) to work, to show effect
ko-ku (こく)  - to ? 
sa-ku (さく、1) 裂く、2) 割く)  - 1) to split, to cut (into  pieces), 2) to divide
sa-ku (さく、咲く)  - to broom
shi-ku (しく、敷く)  - to pave, to cover over (something)
shi-ku (しく、如く)  - to exceed ( seldom used and when used it usually takes <not>)
su-ku (すく、好く)  -  to like, to favor
su-ku (すく、1) 空く、2) 透く、3) 梳く)  - 1) to become empty, 2) to be seen through 3) to xxxx
se-ku (せく、急く)  - to make haste

ta-ku (たく、炊く、焚く)  - to cook (food), to burn (fire)

tsu-ku (つく、突く、衝く)  - to push, to stick, to attack

tsu-ku (つく、1) 付く、2) 着く、3)点く、4) 搗く、5)就く)   - 1) to attach (adhere) to, 2) to arrive, 3) to switch on, 4) to pound, 5) to take (a seat, a post). <tsu-ku> is a very versatile verb.
to-ku (とく、1) 解く、2) 溶く、3)説く) - 1) to solve, 2) to dissolve, 3) to preach (to talk)
na-ku (なく、泣く、鳴く)  - to cry, to sing (a bird)
nu-ku (抜く、抜く、貫く)  - to pull out, to pass over, to get through
no-ku (のく、退く) - to retreat
ha-ku (はく、1) 掃く、2) 吐く) - 1) to sweep, 2) to vomit, to make something (such as a lie)out from the mouth
ha-ku (はく、履く) - to ware, to put on (shoes)
hi-ku (ひく、1) 引く、2) 挽く、3) 弾く、4) 轢く、5) 退く) - 1) to pull, to draw, 2) to grind (beans, etc), 3) to play(a musical instrument), 4)  run over, 5) to retreat. <hi-ku> is a very versatile verb like <tsu-ku>.
hu-ku (ふく、1) 吹く、噴く、2) 葺く) - to blow, to explode, 2) to xxxx (a roof)
hu-ku (ふく、拭く) - to wipe with cloth
ma-ku (まく、蒔く) - to plant seeds
ma-ku (まく、巻く) - to wind up
mu-ku (むく、1) 向く、剥く) -1)  to turn (to a certain direction), 2) to peel off (peel, surface)
ya-ku (やく、焼く) - to grill, to burn
yu-ku (ゆく、行く) - to go
wa-ku (わく、沸く) - to boil

This group has quite many verbs, especially the <-a> row and <u> row followed by the <i> row and <-o> row. The <e> row has only one. So, the <-a> and <u> rows are fully filled up. The <o> rows misses <so-ku>, < ho-ku>, < mo-ku> but they have the variants <so-gu>, < ho-gu>, < mo-gu>as shown belwo in <-gu> ending.

<ku> has the viced vowel <gu>

 -gu

a-gu,  ka-gu,  sa-gu,   ta-gu,    na-gu,  ha-gu,   ma-gu,  ya-gu,  ra-gu, wa-gu

i-gu,   ki-gu,   shi-gu,  chi-gu,   ni-gu,   hi-gu,     mi-gu,   yi-gu,   ri-gu, ---

u-gu,  ku-gu,  su-gu,  tsu-gu,  nu-gu,  hu-gu,   mu-gu,   yu-gu,   ru-gu, ---

e-gu,  ke-gu,  se-gu,    te-gu,    ne-gu,   he-gu,    me-gu,   ye-gu,  re-gu, ---

o-gu,  ko-gu,  so-gu,  to-gu,   no-gu,   ho-gu,   mo-gu,   yo-gu,  ro-gu, ---


ka-gu (かぐ、嗅ぐ)  - to smell
ko-gu (こぐ、漕ぐ)  - to row
su-gu (すぐ、1) 直ぐ、2) 過ぐ) - 1) to make st straight ; 2) to pass
tsu-gu (つぐ、1) 告ぐ、2) 次ぐ、3) 注ぐ、4) 継ぐ、5) 接ぐ)  - 1) to tell, to inform ; 2) to pour; 3) to follow; 4) to succeed; 5) to connect
to-gu (とぐ、砥ぐ) - to sharpen
na-gu (なぐ、和ぐ、凪ぐ)  - to weaken , to calm down
nu-gu (ぬぐ、脱ぐ)  - to take off (clothes, shoes)
ha-gu (はぐ、剥ぐ)  - to peel off
ho-gu (ほぐ)  - to xxxx; to dissolve
mo-gu (もぐ)  - to pluck off


2 -2  -su

a-su,  ka-su,  sa-su,   ta-su,  na-su,  ha-su,  ma-su,  ya-su,  ra-su,  wa-su

i-su,   ki-su,   shi-su,  chi-su,  ni-su,    hi-su,    mi-su,   (i-su),   ri-su, ---

u-su,  ku-su,  su-su,    tsu-su,  nu-su,   hu-su,  mu-su,  yu-su,  ru-su, ---

e-su,  ke-su,  se-su,   te-su,    ne-su,   he-su,   me-su,   ye-su,   re-su, ---

o-su,  ko-su,  so-su,  to-su,    no-su,  ho-su,  mo-su,   yo-su,  ro-su, ---


o-su (おす、押す)  - to push
ka-su （化す、課す、嫁す）are Chinese origin.
ka-su (かす、貸す)  - to lend, to rent
ki-su　(きす、帰す、期す、記す）are Chinese origin.

ke-su (けす、消す)  - to extinguish, to erase
ko-su (こす、1) 越す，2)濾す)  -  1)to cross over, 2) to distill
sa-su (さす、指す　刺す、差す、挿す)  - 1) to indicate, to point out (指す), 2) to pierce, to sting (刺す), 3) to insert (差す、挿す)
shi-su (しす、死す) - Chinese origin. <shi (死)> + <su>. Refer to <shi-nu>.
ta-su (たす、足す)  - to add


na-su (なす、成す)   - to make, to achieve
no-su (のす、伸す、熨す)  - to lengthen, to flatten
hi -su (ひす、比す、秘す) 　are Chinese origin.　
hu-su (ふす、伏す)  - to crouch
ho-su (ほす、干す、乾す)  - to dry
ma-su (ます、増す)  - to increase (as Transitive verb)
mu-su (むす、蒸す)  - to steam
me-su (めす、召す)   - to call sb to come, to invite (in polite form, to eat, to ware)
mo-su　(もす、模す）　Chinese origin.

mo-su (もす、燃す) - to burn
yo-su (よす、寄す) - to gather st (to make st close) to (a certain point, side, place) (Transitive), to become close to st (Intransitive)
yo-su (よす) - not to dare to do, to give up xx-ing

We must be careful in this group as <su> is the helping verb <su>, a part of <su-ru> (to do), having a function to change a intransitive verb to a transitive verb. So, <na-su> can be considered as an independent two syllable verb but can be regarded as the transitive verb form of  <na-ru> (to become), ie   <na-ru> + <su> (to make) combination and <na-su> means <to make become>.  <ka-su> is also <ka-ru> (to borrow) + <su> --> to make borrow --> to lend. <mo-su> = <mo-yu> (to burn) + <su> --> to make burn.
Because of this <su> nature almost of all the above to syllable verbs ending <su> including the Chinese origin ones are Transitive verbs. some exceptions -  shi-su (しす、死す) is Intransitive (to die). sa-su (さす、差す) is sometimes used as Intransitive (to get (to come) in at a narrow space)
It is a way (an easy way) to make a Chinese verb to the equivalent Japanese verb - to add <su> in old time or <su-ru> in modern time to the Chinese verb. <su> or <su-ru> is necessary because without these the Chinese verb cannot conjugate in Japanese. The Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives do not conjugate at all. So if you already knows Chinese verbs you can used your Chinese verbs to make Japanese verbs with relative ease. But your Japanese  may sound more like Chinese when speaking while you may be regarded as more highly cultured when writing in this way.


<su> has the voiced sound <zu>

-zu

a-zu,  ka-zu,  sa-zu,  ta-zu,  na-zu,  ha-zu,  ma-zu,  ya-zu, ra-zu, wa-su

i-zu,  ki-zu,  shi-zu,  chi-zu,  ni-zu,  hi-zu,  mi-zu,  yi-zu, ri-zu, ---

u-zu,  ku-zu,  su-zu,  tsu-zu,  nu-zu,  hu-zu,  mu-zu,  yu-zu, ru-zu, ---

e-zu,  ke-zu,  se-zu,  te-zu,  ne-zu,  he-zu,  me-zu,  ye-zu, re-zu, ---

o-zu,  ko-zu,  so-zu,  to-zu,  no-zu,  ho-zu,  mo-zu,  yo-zu, ro-zu, ---


<zu> used to be used (or is used even now) as the helping verb (auxiliary verb) meaning <not> so it cannot be used as verb ending <-zu> to avoid confusion. However if you add one vowel after <zu> you can make some verbs like:

ki-zu-ku  (1) きづく、 1) 気付く；  2) きずく、築く)  － 1) to notice, 2) to build
tsu-zu-ku  or tsu-zu-ku (つづく、続く) 　－1) to cntinue, 2) to follow
ne-zu-ku  (ねづく、根付く) 　－ to become rooted
ha-zu-su  or ha-zu-su  (はずす、外す)　－　to set something aside
ha-zu-mu  or ha-zu-mu (はずむ、弾む)  －　to bound (up and down)
me-zu-ru  (めずる、愛ずる)  － to love, to be fond of
yu-zu-ru or yu-zu-ru (ゆずる、譲る)  － to give away


2 -3  -tsu

a-tsu,  ka-tsu,  sa-tsu,  ta-tsu,   na-tsu,  ha-tsu,  ma-tsu,  ya-tsu,  ra-tsu,  wa-tsu

i-tsu,  ki-tsu,   shi-tsu,  chi-tsu,  ni-tsu,  hi-tsu,   mi-tsu,    (i-tsu),  ri-tsu, ---

u-tsu,  ku-tsu,  su-tsu,  tsu-tsu,  nu-tsu,  hu-tsu,  mu-tsu,  yu-tsu,  ru-tsu, ---

e-tsu,  ke-tsu,  se-tsu,   te-tsu,    ne-tsu,  he-tsu,  me-tsu,  ye-tsu,  re-tsu, ---

o-tsu,  ko-tsu,  so-stu,  to-tsu,   no-tsu,  ho-tsu,  mo-tsu,  yo-tsu,  ro-tsu, ---


Not many, especially in the modern forms. This may be because <tsu> (つ) used to be used (or is used even now) as the helping verb (auxiliary verb) showing <past> or more like <perfect>.  The modern version of this <tsu> is <ta>. It is also used as the helping word (not verb) <tsu> (つ) or <tsu-tsu> (つつ) indicating or implying (not clearly showing) the meaning of <while xxing> or <to be xxing>. To avoid confusion there are not may verbs ending <-tsu> although the origin is not sure. Because of these <tsu> was limited to avoid confusion.

a-tsu --> modern form <a-te-ru> ( あてる、1) 当てる、2) 充てる、3) 宛てる)  - 1) to hit; 2) to assign; 3) to addreee
u-tsu (うつ、打つ)  - to hit, to beat, to strike, to flap
o-tsu --> modern form <o-chi-ru> (おちる、落ちる) to fall
ka-tsu (かつ、勝つ) - to win
（ke-tsu）　--> modern form <ke-chi-ru> (けちる、ケチる)　（＊）（ke-tsu）is not sure as the old form.
ku-tsu  --> modern form <ku-chi-ru> (くちる、朽ちる) to get old and fall
su-tsu (すつ、捨つ）--> modern form <su-te-ru> (すてる, 捨てる)  - to throw away, to dispose
ta-tsu (たつ、1) 立つ、2) 発つ、3) 経つ、4) 絶つ、5) 断つ、6) 裁つ) - 1) to stand up, to appear; 2) to leave; 3) to pass (time); to cut; 6) to cut (cloth)
ha-tsu --> modern form <ha-te-ru> (はてる)  - to end
ma-tsu (まつ、待つ) - to wait
mi-tsu (みつ、満つ） -->  modern form <mi-chi-ru> （みちる、満ちる) - to fill (intransitive verb)
mo-tsu (もつ、1) 持つ、2) もつ)  -1)  to have , to hold; 2) to endure

<tsu> has the voice vowel <dsu> but this <dsu> is almost same sound as <zu> now.


2 -4  -nu

a-nu,  ka-nu,  sa-nu,  ta-nu,  na-nu,  ha-nu,  ma-nu,  ya-nu, ra-nu, wa-nu

i-nu,  ki-nu,  shi-nu,  chi-nu,  ni-nu,  hi-nu,  mi-nu,  yi-nu, ri-nu, ---

u-nu,  ku-nu,  su-nu,  tsu-nu,  nu-nu,  hu-nu,  mu-nu,  yu-nu,  ru-nu, ---

e-nu,  ke-nu,  se-nu,  te-nu,  ne-nu,  he-nu,  me-nu,  ye-nu, re-nu, ---

o-nu,  ko-nu,  so-nu,  to-nu,  no-nu,  ho-nu,  mo-nu,  yo-nu, ro-nu, ---

I  have fund only one verb in this group - shi-nu. <nu> used to be used (or is used even now) as the helping verb (auxiliary verb) showing <past> or <perfect> so it cannot be used as verb ending <-nu> to avoid confusion.  <shi-nu> (しぬ、死 ぬ) seems an exception. But <shi> is not the original Japanese but came from China (死, now pronounced as <si> in Putonghua). And <to die> is usually used in the past or perfect <died or have died>. <shi-nu> is not the original Japanese two syllable verb.


2 -5  -hu

<hu> was merged to <u> so no verbs ending with <hu> now. But <hu> has the voice vowel <bu> and <bu> is used as the verb ending.

-bu

a-bu,  ka-bu,  sa-bu,   ta-bu,   na-bu,  ha-bu,  ma-bu,  ya-bu,  ra-bu, wa-nu

i-bu,  ki-bu,  shi-bu,  chi-bu,  ni-bu,  hi-bu,  mi-bu,   yi-bu,  ri-bu, ---

u-bu,  ku-bu,  su-bu,  tsu-bu,  nu-bu,  hu-bu, mu-bu,  yu-bu,  ru-bu, ---

e-bu,  ke-bu,  se-bu,  te-bu,   ne-bu,  he-bu,  me-bu,   ye-bu,  re-bu, ---

o-bu, ko-bu,  so-bu,  to-bu,  no-bu,  ho-bu,  mo-bu,  yo-bu,  ro-bu, ---

Not many and only, only four verbs in the <o> row and two of them are ols forms.

o-bu --> modern form <o-bi-ru> (おびる、帯びる) - to have, to show
to-bu (とぶ、1) 飛ぶ、2) 跳ぶ) - 1) to fly; 2) to jump
no-bu --> modern form <no-be-ru> (のべる、1) 述べる、2) 延べる) - 1) to tell; 2) to extend, to lengthen
yo-bu (よぶ、呼ぶ) - to call
 

2 -6  -mu

a-mu,  ka-mu,  sa-mu,   ta-mu,   na-mu,  ha-mu,  ma-mu,  ya-mu,  ra-mu,  wa-mu

i-mu,  ki-mu,   shi-mu,  chi-mu,   ni-mu,  hi-mu,   mi-mu,  (i-mu),  ri-mu, ---

u-mu,  ku-mu,  su-mu,  tsu-mu,  nu-mu,  hu-mu,  mu-mu,  yu-mu,  ru-mu, ---

e-mu,  ke-mu,   se-mu,   te-mu,     ne-mu,  he-mu,   me-mu,  ye-mu,  re-mu, ---

o-mu,  ko-mu,  so-mu,  to-mu,   no-mu,  ho-mu,  mo-mu,  yo-mu,  ro-mu, ---


a-mu (あむ、編む)  - to knit, to weave　　　 a-mi (あみ、網)－net (noun)
i-mu  (いむ、忌む)  - to avoid (bad omen)
u-mu  (うむ、生む)  - to give birth, to produce
u-mu  (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む)  - 1) to get tired, 2) to fester (to wound)    u-mi (うみ、膿)－smile (noun)
e-mu (えむ、笑む)   - to smile (old usage)     e-mi (えみ、笑み)－smile (noun)
ka-mu  (かむ、咬む)  - to bite
ka-mu  (かむ、鼻をかむ)  - to blow (one's nose)
ki-mu  (きむ、決む)  - --> modern form  <ki-me-ru> (きめる）to decide
ku-mu (くむ、組む)  - to make a pair, to construct    ku-mi (くみ、組)
ku-mu  (くむ、汲む)  - to scoop (water)
ko-mu  (こむ、込む、混む)  - to fill up; to get crowded
sa-mu (さむ) --> modern form <sa-me-ru> (さめる）- to become cold (food)
shi-mu  --> modern form <shi-mi-ru> (しみる)    shi-mi (しみ、染み、滲み)－stain (noun)
su-mu  (すむ、住む、済む、澄む)  - to live (in a house, apartment); to be finished; to become clear
se-mu  --> modern formｓ1) <se-me-ru> (せめる、1) 攻める，2) 責める、3) 迫める) - 21) to attack, 2) to blame, 3) to threaten. 2) <se-ma-ru> (せまる、迫る)
so-mu   --> modern forms 1) <so-me-ru> (そめる、染める), 2) <so-ma-ru> (そまる、染まる)
ta-mu  --> modern forms 1) <ta-me-ru> (ためる、貯める), 2) <ta-ma-ru> (たまる、貯まる)
ta-mu  --> modern forms 1) <ta-me-ru> (ためる、矯める) - to correct, to straighten
tsu-mu --> modern forms 1) ＜tsu-me-ru> (つめる、詰める), 2)＜tsu-ma-ru> (つまる、詰まる)  tsu-mi (つみ、罪)－sin、crime (noun)
tsu-mu  (つむ、積む、摘む)  - to pile up, to pack up, to pluck
to-mu  (とむ、富む)  - to become rich    to-mi (とみ、富)－richness, wealth (noun)
ｎa-mu  --> modern form <na-me-ru> (なめる） - to lick
no-mu  (のむ、飲む)  - to drink
ha-mu  (はむ、食む)  - to eat (old usage)
ha-mu  --> modern forms 1) ＜ha-me-ru> (はめる、嵌める) - to fit, to mate (bolt and nut, plug and jack) (transitive verb) (bolt and nut), 2) ＜ha-ma-ru> (はまる、嵌まる) - to fit, to mate(intransitive verb)
hu-mu (ふむ、踏む)  - to step on, to tread on
ho-mu　--> modern forms 1) <ho-me-ru> (ほめる、褒める)
mo-mu (もむ、揉む)  - to move a hand or hands to make something soften
ya-mu  (やむ、病む)  - to become sick     <ya-me-ru > (やめる、ya-me-ru)
ya-mu  (やむ、止む)  - to stop, to cease      <ya-me-ru> (やめる、止める、辞める)
yo-mu  (よむ、読む)  - to read


The above Japanese and English seem rather complicated.  This is because I have added possible old forms and shown in italic, some of which are still used now without noticing them as old usage. As far as the modern uses are concerned the possible combination are not too many not to few or relatively many and especially in the <a>, <o>and <u> rows by following the general rule. You can find the modern forms easily by seeing only the bold typed verbs. The old verbs have changed but in a very regular way. This has brought me an grammatical interest so I will explain this more below.

I use the differentiation of Transitive verb and Intransitive verb for this group for more systematic understanding. Please note again <he Japanese verbs are used in fairy different grammatical structured from the English. Some verbs are regarded as used as transitive verb and some are regarded used as intransitive verb but the differences are not so distinctive as English>.

a) Modern Transitive verbs

a-mu (あむ、編む)  - to knit, to weave
i-mu  (いむ、忌む)  - to avoid (bad omen)
u-mu  (うむ、生む)  - to give birth, to produce
ka-mu  (かむ、咬む)  - to bite
ka-mu  (かむ、鼻をかむ)  - to blow (one's nose)
ku-mu (くむ、組む)  - to make a pair, to construct
ku-mu  (くむ、汲む)  - to scoop (water)
tsu-mu (つむ、積む、摘む)  - to pile up, to pack up, to load, to pluck
no-mu  (のむ、飲む)  - to drink
ha-mu (はむ、食む)  - to eat (old usage)
hu-mu (ふむ、踏む)  - to step on, to tread on
mo-mu (もむ、揉む)  - to move a hand or hands to make something soften
ya-mu  (やむ、病む)  - to become sick  (Intransitive verb as well)
yo-mu  (よむ、読む)  - to read

i) to change <u> to <e> and + <ru>

a-mu  (あむ、編む)-->  a-me-ru  (あめる、編める)　  - to be able to knit, to be able to weave
or to be knit-able, to be weav-able
 
i-mu  (いむ、忌む) -->  i-me-ru  (いめる、忌める)　 - to be able to avoid (bad omen)  or to be avoid-able

u-mu  (うむ、生む) -->  u-me-ru  (うめる、生める)　 - to be able to give birth, to be able to produce or
to be give-birth-able,  to be produce-able

ka-mu  (かむ、咬む) -->  ka-me-ru  (かめる、咬める)　 - to be able to bite or to be bite-able
 
ka-mu  (かむ、鼻をかむ) -->  ka-me-ru  (かめる、鼻をかめる) - to be able to blow (one's nose) or to be-blow-able

ku-mu  (くむ、組む) -->  ku-me-ru   (くめる、組める)　 - to be able to make a pair, to be able to construct or to be make a pair-able, to be construct-able 

ku-mu  (くむ、汲む) -->  ku-me-ru (くめる、汲める)　 - to be able to scoop (water)  or to be scoop-able


tsu-mu  (つむ、積む、摘む) -->  tsu-me-ru  (つめる、積める、摘める)　- to be able to pile up, to be able to pack up, to be able to pluck or  be pile-up-able,  to be pack-up-able, to be pluckable

no-mu  (のむ、飲む) -->  no-me-ru (のめる、飲める) - to be able to drink or to be drink-able

ha-mu  (はむ、食む) -->  ha-me-ru (はめる、食める)　- to be able to eat (old usage) or to be eat-able

hu-mu  (ふむ、踏む) -->  hu-me-ru (ふめる、踏める)  - to be able to step on, to be able to tread on or
to be step-on-able, to be tread-on-able

mo-mu  (もむ、揉む) -->  mo-me-ru  (もめる、揉める) - to be able to move a hand or hands to make something soften or to be (a hand or hands) move-able

ya-mu (やむ、病む) -->  ya-me-ru (やめる、病める)　- to be able to become sick  (Intransitive verb as well) (*) or to be sicken-able (*)

yo-mu  (よむ、読む) -->  yo-me-ru  (よめる、読める)　  - to be able to read or to be readable

Except <ya-mu> the change of the meaning of all these verbs are the same - to be able to xxxx or to be xxxx-able.  <able> means usually <ability>  or  in some cases <probability>.


ii) to change <u> to <a> and + <ru>

a-mu  (あむ、編む)-->  a-ma-ru  (あまる)　
i-mu  (いむ、忌む) -->  i-ma-ru  (いまる)　
ka-mu  (かむ、咬む) -->  ka-ma-ru  (かまる)
ka-mu  (かむ、鼻をかむ) -->  ka-ma-ru  (かまる)
ku-mu  (くむ、組む) -->  ku-ma-ru   (くまる)　
ku-mu  (くむ、汲む) -->  ku-ma-ru (くまる)　

tsu-mu  (つむ、積む、摘む) -->  tsu-ma-ru  (つまる）
no-mu  (のむ、飲む) -->  no-ma-ru (のまる)
ha-mu  (はむ、食む) -->  ha-ma-ru (はまる)
hu-mu  (ふむ、踏む) -->  hu-ma-ru (ふまる)
mo-mu  (もむ、揉む) -->  mo-me-ru  (もまる)
ya-mu (やむ、病む) -->  ya-ma-ru (やまる)　
yo-mu  (よむ、読む) -->  yo-ma-ru  (よまる)　


In contrast to i) to change <u> to <e> and + <ru><e> and + <ru> All of them do not make when referring to the original meanings and most of them do not make sense at all in the modern Japanese This is very grammatical phenomenon.
Some of them do make sense but in different meaning from the original meaning.

a-mu  (あむ、編む)-->  a-ma-ru  (あまる、余る) - means to excess, to be excessive, be more than the requirement, to be left over.

tsu-mu  (つむ、積む、摘む) -->  tsu-ma-ru  (つまる） - means to congest, to be congested, to face the dead-end

ha-mu  (はむ、食む) -->  ha-ma-ru (はまる) - means to xxxx

ya-mu (やむ、病む) -->  ya-ma-ru (やまる)　- means to cease, to stop


b) Modern Intransitive verbs

u-mu  (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む)  - 1) to get tired, 2) to xxxx
u-mu  (うむ、生む)  - to give birth to
e-mu (えむ、笑む)   - to smile (old usage)  
ko-mu  (こむ、込む、混む)  - to fill up; to get crowded
su-mu  (すむ、１)住む、２）済む、３）澄む)  - 1) to live (in a house, apartment); 2) to finish, to be finished; 3）to become clear
to-mu  (とむ、富む)  - to be rich in 
ya-mu  (やむ、病む)  - to become sick (Transitive verb as well)
ya-mu  (やむ、止む)  - to stop, to cease


i) to change <u> to <e> and + <ru>

u-mu  (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む) -->  u-me-ru (うめる)　 - seldom used
e-mu (えむ、笑む)  --> e-me-ru  (えめる)　- does not exist
ko-mu  (こむ、込む、混む) -->  k-me-ru  (こめる)　- to pack st in (to) - transitive verb
su-mu  (すむ、1) 住む、2) 済む、3) 澄む) -->  su-me-ru  (すめる)　- 1) 住める - to be able to live, to be habitable , 2) 済める (this verb does not exist), 3) 澄める - also to to be clean (adjective)  but seldom sued
to-mu  (とむ、富む)  -->  to-me-ru  (とめる、富める)　 - also to be rich in (adjective)
ya-mu  (やむ、病む)  -->  ya-me-ru  (やめる)　- to be suffering (adjective)
ya-mu  (やむ、止む)  -->  ya-me-ru  (やめる) - to stop (transitive verb)

ii) to change <u> to <a> and + <ru>

u-mu  (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む) -->  u-ma-ru  (うまる)　 - seldom used
e-mu (えむ、笑む)  --> e-mm-ru  (えまる)　- does not exist
ko-mu  (こむ、込む、混む) -->  ko-ma-ru  (こまる)　- seldom used in this sense
su-mu  (すむ、住む、済む、澄む) -->  su-ma-ru  (すまる)　-  seldom used in these senses
to-mu  (とむ、富む)  -->  to-ma-ru  (とまる)　- seldom used in this sense
ya-mu  (やむ、病む)  -->  ya-ma-ru  (やまる)　- does not exist
ya-mu  (やむ、止む)  -->  ya-ma-ru  (やまる)　- also to stop (intransitive) but seldom used in this sense
　

c) old Transitive verbs

ki-mu  (きむ、決む)
se-mu  --> modern formｓ1) se-me-ru (せめる、1) 攻める，2) 責める、3) 迫める) - 21) to attack, 2) to blame, 3) to threaten. 2) se-ma-ru　(せまる、迫る)
so-mu  --> modern forms 1) so-me-ru (そめる、染める), 2) <so-ma-ru> (そまる、染まる)
ta-mu  --> modern forms 1) ｔa-me-ru (ためる、貯める), 2) <ta-ma-ru> (たまる、貯まる)
ta-mu  --> modern forms 1) ta-me-ru (ためる、矯める) - to correct, to straighten
to-mu  --> modern forms 1) <ta-me-ru> (とめる、止める) - to stop
tsu-mu --> modern forms 1) ＜tsu-me-ru> (つめる、詰める), 2)tsu-ma-ru> (つまる、詰まる)
ｎa-mu  --> modern form na-me-ru (なめる） - to lick 
ha-mu  --> modern forms 1) ha-me-ru (はめる、嵌める), 2) ＜ha-ma-ru> (はまる、嵌まる)
ho-mu　--> modern forms 1) ho-me-ru (ほめる、褒める)


i) to change <u> to <e> and + <ru>

ki-mu  --> ki-me-ru, which is the modern form,   (きめる）to decide
se-mu  --> se-me-ru , which is the modern form (せめる、1) 攻める to attack，2) 責める、3) 迫める)
so-mu  --> so-me-ru, which is the modern form (そめる、染める) to dye
ta-mu  --> ta-me-ru, which is the modern form (ためる、貯める)　to save (money)
ta-mu  --> ta-me-ru, which is the modern form (ためる、矯める) - to correct, to straighten
tsu-mu --> tsu-me-ru, which is the modern form (つめる、詰める) to pack
ｎa-mu  --> na-me-ru, which is the modern form (なめる） - to lick 
ha-mu  --> ha-me-ru, which is the modern form (はめる、嵌める)
ho-mu　--> ho-me-ru , which is the modern form (ほめる、褒める) to praise

ii) to change <u> to <a> and + <ru>

ki-mu  --> ki-ma-ru  (きまる、決まる) - to decide, to be decided (intransitive)
se-mu  --> se-ma-ru (せまる、迫る)
so-mu  --> so-ma-ru (そまる、染まる) - to be dyed (intransitive)
ta-mu  --> ta-ma-ru  (たまる、貯まる) - to be saved (money)  (intransitive), to pile up (intransitive)
ta-mu  --> ta-ma-ru  (たまる、矯まる) - to be corrected, to be straightened (intransitive)
tsu-mu --> tsu-ma-ru  (つまる、詰まる) - to be packed, to be congested (intransitive)
ｎa-mu  --> na-ma-ru  (なまる）
ha-mu  --> ha-ma-ru  (はまる、嵌まる) - - to be ?, to be ? (intransitive)
ho-mu　--> ho-ma-ru (ほまる) - seldom used


d) Old Intransitive verbs

None (so far found in this group)


2 -7  -yu

a-yu,  ka-yu,  sa-yu,  ta-yu,   na-yu,  ha-yu,  ma-yu,  ya-yu,  ra-yu, wa-mu

i-yu,  ki-yu,  shi-yu,  chi-yu,  ni-yu,   hi-yu,   mi-yu,   (i-yu),   ri-yu, ---

u-yu,  ku-yu,  su-yu,  tsu-yu,  nu-yu,  hu-yu,  mu-yu,  yu-yu,  ru-yu, ---

e-yu,  ke-yu,  se-yu,   te-yu,    ne-yu,   he-yu,  me-yu,  ye-yu,   re-yu, ---

o-yu,  ko-yu,  so-yu,  to-yu,   no-yu,   ho-yu,  mo-yu,  yo-yu,  ro-yu, ---


No two syllable verbs ending <-yu> in the modern forms. <yu> have been changed to <e-ru>.

a-e-ru,  ka-e-ru,  sa-e-ru,  ta-e-ru,  na-e-ru,  ha-e-ru,  ma-e-ru,  ya-e-ru,   ra-e-ru,  wa--e-ru

i-e-ru,  ki-e-ru,  shi-e-ru,  chi-e-ru,  ni-e-ru,  hi-e-ru,  mi-e-ru,  (i-e-ru),  ri-e-ru, ---

u-e-ru,  ku-e-ru,  su-e-ru,  tsu-e-ru,  nu-e-ru,  hu-e-ru,  mu-e-ru,  yu-e-ru,    ru-e-ru, ---

e-e-ru,   ke-e-ru,  se-e-ru,   te-e-ru,    ne-e-ru,  he-e-ru,   me-e-ru,  ye-e-ru,    re-e-ru, ---

o-e-ru,  ko-e-ru,  so-e-ru,  to-e-ru,   no-e-ru,  ho-e-ru,  mo-e-ru,  yo-e-ru,   ro-e-ru, ---

a-e-ru  (あえる、和える)  - to xxx
i-e-ru  (いえる、癒える)  - to be cured (intransitive)
u-e-ru  (うえる、飢える)  - to get hungry
u-e-ru  (うえる、植える)  - to plant (transitive)
o-e-ru  (おえる、終える)  - to end (both transitive and intransitive)
ka-e-ru  (かえる、1)帰る, 返る、2)孵る)  - 1) to return; 2) to hutch  (transitive)
ka-e-ru  (かえる、変える、換える、替える)  - to change, to replace
ki-e-ru  (きえる、消える)  - to disappear, to switch off (intransitive)
ko-e-ru  (こえる、肥える)  - to get hat (intransitive)
ko-e-ru  (こえる、越える)  - to cross over, to overcome,
sa-e-ru  (さえる、冴える)  - to get clear minded (intransitive)
su-e-ru  (すえる、饐える)  - to get soured (food) (intransitive)
su-e-ru  (すえる、据える)  - to set, to place, (transitive)
so-e-ru  (そえる、添える)  - to add (transitive)
ta-e-ru  (たえる、絶える、耐える)  - to extinguish,  to endure
na-e-ru  (なえる、萎える)  - to get lifeless
ni-e-ru  (にえる、煮える)  - to cook (intransitive verb)
ha-e-ru  (はえる、生える、映える)  - to appear; to seem distictive
hi-e-ru  (ひえる、冷える)  - to become cold
hu-e-ru  (ふえる、増える)  - to increase (intransitive verb)
ho-e-ru  (ほえる、吠える)  - to bark (intransitive verb)
mo-e-ru  (もえる、燃える、萌える)  - to burn (intransitive)； to xxxx (transitive)


2 -7  -ru

a-ru,  ka-ru,  sa-ru,  ta-ru,     na-ru,  ha-ru,  ma-ru,  ya-ru, ra-ru, wa-ru

i-ru,  ki-ru,  shi-ru,  chi-ru,  ni-ru,  hi-ru,   mi-ru,  (i-ru), ri-ru, ---

u-ru,  ku-ru,  su-ru,  tsu-ru,  nu-ru,  hu-ru,  mu-ru,  yu-ru,  ru-ru, ---

e-ru,  ke-ru,  se-ru,  te-ru,     ne-ru,  he-ru,  me-ru,   ye-ru, re-ru, ---

o-ru,  ko-ru,  so-ru,  to-ru,    no-ru,  ho-ru,  mo-ru,  yo-ru, ro-ru, ---

Almost perfect combination. <-ru> ending can be called as the verb making suffix. As mentioned earlier <r> sound does not come first in the original Japanese. Instead <ru> is devoted its function in making verbs.
<yu-ru> can be regarded as <u-ru> and <ye-re> as <e-ru> and <u-ru> and <e-ru> are closely related too. <ma-ru>, <me-ru> and <mu-ru> are not used an independent verbs but <ma-ru> and <me-ru> used commonly as quasi-helping verbs.

See below.

a-ru  (ある、在る、有る)  - to be(non human), to exist
i-ru  (いる、1) 射る、2) 鋳る、3) 煎る) - 1) to shoot; 2) to cast; 3) to xxxx
i-ru  (いる、1) 居る、2) 入る、3) 要る) - 1) to be (human); 2) to enter; 3) to need, to require
u-ru  (うる、得る)  - to obtain
u-ru  (うる、売る)  - to sell
e-ru  (える、1) 得る、2) 選る) - 1) to obtain; 2) to select
o-ru  (おる、1) 折る、2) 織る、3) 居る also　いる（i-ru)) - 1) to fold; 2) to weave; 3) to be
ka-ru  (かる、1) 刈る、2) 狩る、3) 駆る、4) 借る)  - 1) to cut with a xxxx; 2) to hunt; 3) to run; 4) to borrow
ki-ru  (きる、切る)  - to cut
ki-ru  (きる、着る)  - to put on (clothes), to wear
ku-ru  (くる、来る)  - to come
ku-ru  (くる、1) 繰る、2) 刳る)  - 1) to pull (a string); 2) to cut out a hollow (with a knife)
ke-ru  (ける、蹴る)  - to kick
ko-ru  (こる、凝る)  - to become solidified, to become soared (a part of the body)
sa-ru  (さる、去る)  - to leave
shi-ru  (しる、1) 知る、2) 痴れ者)  - 1) to know; 2) to become stupid, to be stuified
su-ru  (する、1) 刷る、摺る、2) 擦る、3) 掏る)  - 1) to print; 2) to rub; 3) to pick pocket
su-ru  (する)  - to do
se-ru  (せる、競る)  - to compete
so-ru  (そる、1) 反る、2) 剃る)  - 1) to bend; 2) to shave
ta-ru  (たる、足る)  - to suffice ( (intransitive verb)
chi-ru  (ちる、散る) - to fall, to scatter (intransitive verb)
tsu-ru  (つる、1) 釣る、2) 吊る)  - 1) to do fishing; 2) to suspend
te-ru  (てる、照る) - to shine (intransitive verb)
to-ru  (とる、1) 取る、2) 盗る、3) 採る、4) 撮る、5) 執る) - 1) to take, 2) to steal, 3) to pick up (transitive verb); 4) to take (picture); 5) to manage, to lead
na-ru  (なる、成る) - to become
na-ru  (なる、鳴る) - to ring (intransitive verb); to sound (intransitive verb)
ni-ru  (にる、1) 似る、2) 煮る) - 1) to resemble (intransitive verb), 2) to cook
nu-ru  (ぬる、塗る)  - to paint (transitive verb)
ne-ru  (ねる、練る、煉る) - to xxxx (transitive verb)
ne-ru  (ねる、寝る) - to sleep (intransitive verb)
no-ru  (のる、乗る、載る) - to ride (intransitive verb); to xxxx
ha-ru  (はる、張る、貼る) - to extend, stretch (a rope, paper), to attach (transitive verb)
hi-ru  (ひる、簸る)  - to xxxx
he-ru  (へる、経る)  - to pass over (transitive verb)
he-ru  (へる、減る)  - to decrease  (intransitive verb)
ho-ru  (ほる、掘る、彫る)  - to dig; to carve  (transitive verb)
ma-ru
mi-ru  (みる、見る)  - to see (transitive verb)
mu-ru
me-ru
mo-ru  (もる、漏る)  - to leak (intransitive verb), mo-re-ru  (もれる、漏れる) is more commonly used as the the same meaning.
mo-ru  (もる、盛る)  - to pile up (transitive verb)
ya-ru  (やる、遣る)  - to send (transitive verb)
yo-ru  (よる、選る)  - to select (transitive verb)
yo-ru  (よる、寄る、拠る、因る) - to approach; to derive,  (intransitive verb)
wa-ru  (わる、割る) - to break (transitive verb); to divide
 -----

<ma-ru> and <me-ru> as quasi-helping verbs

Like <to become> and <to make> in English we have the following very regular and almost universally usable ways to change an adjective to an intransitive verb (to become) and transitive verb (to make)

ha-ya-i  (fast, early： はやい) --> ha-ya-ku-na-ru  (to become fast (early) or faster (earlier)) --> ha-ya-ku-su-ru (to make st  fast (early) or faster (earlier))
o-so-i  (slow, late: おそい) --> -so-ku-na-ru  (to become slow (late) or slower (later)) --> o-so-ku-su-ru (to make st slow (late) or slower (later))

Note: In Japanse  fast and early are expressed by the same adjective <ha-ya-i> so as slow, late by <o-so-i>.

Besides these universal methodｓ we have some other method,which may be more old but simpler ways by using <ma-ru> and <me-ru>.  But these methods are not universal but limited some original Japanese adjectives.

Adjective +  <ma-ru> and <me-ru>

Adjective + <ma-mu> ---> to become  more and more
e.g.
ha-ya-i (はやい) - fast, eraly;  ha-ya ma-ru (はやまる) ---> to become faster and faster, to become erlier and ealier
ta-ka-i (たかい) - high, exensive; ta-ka ma ru (たかまる) ---> to become higher and higher, to become more andmore exensive
a-ka-i (あかい) - red; a-ka ma ru (あかまる) ---> to become reder and reder (can be ued and gramatically correct but not a common way of saying, the common way of saying ---> a-ka-ku na-ru あかくなる)

Adjective + <me-mu> ---> to to make more and more
e.g.
ha-ya-i (はやい) - fast, eraly;  ha-ya me-ru (はやめる) ---> to make faster and faster, to become erlier and ealier
ta-ka-i (たかい) - high, exensive; ta-ka me ru (たかめる) ---> to make higher and higher, to become more andmore exensive
a-ka-i (あかい) - red; a-ka me ru (あかめる) ---> to make reder and reder (the common way of saying ---> a-ka-ku su-ru　あかくする)

English use similar ways like

strong - to strengthen
weak - to weaken
white - to whiten
black - to blacken
(this method may be the old original English way)
-----
solid - to solidify
soft - to soften
simple - to simplify
glorious - glorify
-----
neutral - to neutrlize
equal - to eaualize
-----

Some oher Adjective Conjugations with <ma-ru>.<me-ru>

hi-ku-i  (ひくい、低い)　-  hi-ku-ma-ru (ひくまる、低まる) -  hi-ku-me-ru (ひくめる、低める)
chi-ka-i (ちかい、近い)  -  chi-ka-ma-ru (ちかくなる、近くなる)  -  chi-ka-me-ru (ちかくする、近くする)
near, close  -  to become near (close)  - to make st near (close)　
a-at-ta-ka-i (あたたかい、暖かい)  - a-ta-ta-ma-ru (あたたまる、暖まる)  - a-ta-ta-me-ru (あたため　る、暖める) 　warm  -  to become warm  - to make st warm
sa-mu-i (さむい、寒い) only for weather or human body -  sa-me-ru (さめる) -  sa-ma-su (さます)
cold  -  to become cold    - to make st cold  (only for cooking)
hi-ro-i (ひろい、広い) -  hi-ro-ma-ru (ひろまる、広まる)  -  hi-ro-me-ru (ほろめる、広める)
wide  -  to become wide  - to make st wide or to widen　　
(se-ma-i (せまい、狭い) (se-ba-shi) (せばし) -  se-ba-ma-ru (せばまる、狭まる)  -  se-ba-me-ru) (せばめる、狭める)
narrow  -  to become narrow  - to make st narrow
hu-ka-i (ふかい、深い) -  hu-ka-ma-ru (ふかまる、深まる) -  hu-ka-me-ru (ふかめる、深める)
deep  -  to become deep  - to make st to deep or to deepen
ki-yo-i  (きよい、清い) - ki-yo-ma-ru (きよまる、清まる) -  ki-yo-me-ru (きよめる、清める)
pure  -  to become pure  - to make st pure or to purify　
tsu-yo-i (つよい、強い) -  tsu-yo-ma-ru (つよまる、強まる)  -  tsu-yo-me-ru (つよめる、強める)
strong  -  to become strong  - to make st strong or to strengthen
yo-wa-i (よわい、弱い) -  yo-wa-ma-ru (よわまる、弱まる)  -  yo-wa-me-ru (よわめる、弱める)
weak  -  to become weak  - to make st weak or to weaken
ka-ta-i (かたい、硬い、固い) -  ka-ta-ma-ru (かたまる、固まる) - ka-ta-me-ru (かためる、固める)
hard  -  to become hard  - to make st hard or to harden or to solidify
u-su-i (うすい、薄い) -  u-su-ma-ru (うすまる、薄まる)  -  u-su-me-ru  (うすめる、薄める)
thin  -  to become thin  - to make st thin　
not dense -  to become less dense  - to make st less dense　


Verb ending with ma-ru (まる), me-ru (める), mu-ru (むる)

1) Verb ending with  ma-ru

a-ma-ru,  ka-ma-ru,  sa-ma-ru,  ta-ma-ru,   na-ma-ru,  ha-ma-ru,  ma-ma-ru,  ya-ma-ru, ra-maru, wa-ma-ru

i-ma-ru,  ki-ma-ru,  shi-ma-ru,  chi-ma-ru,  ni-ma-ru,  hi-ma-ru,   mi-ma-ru,  (i-ma-ru), ri-ma-ru, ---

u-ma-ru,  ku-ma-ru,  su-ma-ru,  tsu-ma-ru,  nu-ma-ru,  hu-ma-ru,  mu-ma-ru,  yu-ma-ru,  ru-ma-ru, ---

e-ma-ru,  ke-ma-ru,  se-ma-ru,  te-ma-ru,     ne-ma-ru,  he-ma-ru,  me-ma-ru,   ye-ma-ru, re-ma-ru, ---

o-ma-ru,  ko-ma-ru,  so-ma-ru,  to-ma-ru,    no-ma-ru,  ho-ma-ru,  mo-ma-ru,  yo-ma-ru, ro-ma-ru, ---


Naturally these ma-ru (まる), me-ru (める) pairs are mostly the intransitive and transitive verb pairs.


2) Verb ending with me-ru

a-me-ru,  ka-me-ru,  sa-me-ru,  ta-me-ru,   na-me-ru,  ha-me-ru,  ma-me-ru,  ya-me-ru, ra-me-ru, wa-me-ru

i-me-ru,  ki-me-ru,  shi-me-ru,  chi-me-ru,  ni-me-ru,  hi-me-ru,   mi-me-ru,  (i-me-ru), ri-me-ru, ---

u-me-ru,  ku-me-ru,  su-me-ru,  tsu-me-ru,  nu-me-ru,  hu-me-ru,  mu-me-ru,  yu-me-ru,  ru-me-ru, ---
(u-me-ru)                                  (tsu-me-ru)
e-me-ru,  ke-me-ru,  se-me-ru,  te-me-ru,     ne-me-ru,  he-me-ru,  me-me-ru,   ye-me-ru, re-me-ru, ---

o-me-ru,  ko-me-ru,  so-me-ru,  to-me-ru,    no-me-ru,  ho-me-ru,  mo-me-ru,  yo-me-ru, ro-me-ru, ---


Naturally these ma-ru (まる), me-ru (める) pairs are mostly the intransitive and transitive verb pairs.


a-ma-ru (あまる、余る)  to excess (intransitive verb) -  (a-me-ru)  to be able to knit. The old form of a-me-ru is a-mu (あむ、編む).

u-ma-ru (うまる、埋まる)  to berry oneself (intransitive verb)  -  u-me-ru (うめる、埋める)
to berry st (transitive verb)
ki-ma-ru (きまる、決まる)  to be decided (intransitive verb) -  ki-me-ru  (きめる、決める)  to decide st
(transitive verb). 　The old form of ki-me-ru is ki-mu (きむ、決む).

ko-ma-ru (こまる、困る)  to worry (intransitive verb)  - ko-me-ru  (こめる、込める)  to pack st
(transitive verb).  The old form of ko-me-ru is ko-mu.
It seems no relation between ko-ma-ru and ko-me-ru but <to worry> is a state of being  ( to become) packed.
(sa-mu) -  sa-me-ru  (さめる)   to become cold (food).     sa-mu is the old form of sa-me-ru.
shi-ma-ru (しまる、閉まる)  to close (intransitive verb)  -  shi-me-ru (しめる、閉める)  to close st (transitive verb). The old form of shi-me-ru is shi-mu.
se-ma-ru  (せまる、攻まる)  to be attacked (intransitive verb) -  se-me-ru  (せめる、攻める) 
to attacked (transitive verb). The old form of se-me-ru is se-mu.
so-ma-ru (そまる、染まる)   to be dyed (intransitive verb) -  so-me-ru  (そめる、染める)  to dye st (transitive verb).  The old form of shi-me-ru is so-mu.
ta-ma-ru (たまる、溜まる)  to pile up  (intransitive verb)  -  ta-me-ru (ため’る、溜める)  to pile up st  (transitive verb). The old form of ta-me-ru is ta-mu.
tsu-ma-ru (つまる、詰まる)   to become congested  (intransitive verb)   - tsu-me-ru (つめ’る、詰める)
to congest st  (transitive verb).  The old form of tsu-me-ru is tsu-mu.
to-ma-ru (とまる、止まる)  to stop  (intransitive verb) 　-  to-me-ru (とまる、止まる) 
to stop st  (transitive verb).
to-ma-ru (とまる、泊まる)  to stay (at a hotel)  (intransitive verb) 　-  to-me-ru (とまる、止まる)  to make so to stay )  (transitive verb). The old form of tome-ru is to-mu.
na-ma-ru (*)  to localized in speaking (intransitive verb) -  na-me-ru (*)  to lick st (transitive verb)
Seems no relation between  na-ma-ru and na-me-ru. The old form of na-me-ru is na-mu.  When you speak like licking it may sound  localized in speaking.
ha-ma-ru (はまる) to fit into st (intransitive verb)　-  ha-me-ru (はめる)  to fit st into st  (transitive verb). The old form of ha-me-ru is ha-mu.
(hi-mu)   -  hi-me-ru  (ひめる、秘める)   to hold secret in itself (intransitive verb).  hi-mu is the old form of hi-me-ru. The old form of hi-me-ru is hi-mu.
(ho-mu)  -  ho-me-ru  (ほめる)  to praise (transitive verb).  ho-mu is the old form of ho-me-ru.



The italics are the verbs meaning of able.

a-me-ru  (あめる、編める)　to be able to knit
u-me-ru　(うめる、生める) -  to be able to give birth
ka-me-ru (かめる) -  to be able to bite
su-me-ru (すめる、住める) -  to be able to live
tsu-me-ru (つめる、積める) -  to be able to load
no-me-ru (飲める、飲める)  -  to be able to drink
hu-me-ru (ふめる、踏める’)  -  to be able to step on
yo-me-ru (読める、読める)  -  to be able to read

3) Verb ending with mu-ru

a-mu-ru,  ka-mu-ru,  sa-mu-ru,  ta-mu-ru,   na-mu-ru,  ha-mu-ru,  ma-mu-ru,  ya-mu-ru, ra-me-ru, wa-mu-ru

i-mu-ru,  ki-mu-ru,  shi-mu-ru,  chi-mu-ru,  ni-mu-ru,  hi-mu-ru,   mi-mu-ru,  (i-mu-ru), ri-mu-ru, ---

u-mu-ru,  ku-mu-ru,  su-mu-ru,  tsu-mu-ru,  nu-mu-ru,  hu-mu-ru,  mu-mu-ru,  yu-mu-ru,  ru-mu-ru, ---

e-mu-ru,  ke-mu-ru,  se-mu-ru,  te-mu-ru,     ne-mu-ru,  he-mu-ru,  me-mu-ru,   ye-me-ru, re-mu-ru, ---

o-mu-ru,  ko-mu-ru,  so-mu-ru,  to-mu-ru,    no-mu-ru,  ho-mu-ru,  mo-mu-ru,  yo-mu-ru, ro-mu-ru, ---


mu-ru has no relation wiht ma-ru and me-ru.

ke-mu-ru  (けむる、煙る) - to become foggy, to become filled with smoke (intransitive verb). The noun form is ke-mu-ri (けむり、煙).

ne-mu-ru  (ねむる、眠る) - to sleep (intransitive verb). The related words - ne-ru  (ねる、寝る) to lie down,  to sleep. The noun form is ne-mu-ri (ねむり、眠り).



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