The verb <tsu-ku> has versatile meanings. How about the verb having the opposite meaning ? The general opposite meaning verb is はなれる (hana-re-ru), intransitive verb, meaning <to leave, to part>. But <hana-re-ru> is not so versatile as <tsu-ku>. On the contrary there are versatile different verbs showing meanings of <to leave, to part> used in versatile situations. This is very interesting when we consider how the ancient native Japanese saw the world and the people in the other regions where the different languages were born and developed.
つく（突く, tsu-ku）- to push with some tool with a point. Transitive verb.
The opposite verb is ひく（引く, hi-ku） meaning <to pull, to draw>.
つく（着く, tsu-ku） - to arrive. Intransitive verb.
The opposite verb is usually さる（去る, sa-ru）meaning <to leave>. はなれる（離れる, hana-re-ru）and わかれる（分かれる, wa-ka-re-ru） can be used but mean more like <to depart>. These are are all intransitive verbs.
つく（付く, tsu-ku）- to attach. Intransitive verb.
The opposite verbs are
1) はなれる（離れる, hana-re-ru）meaning <to be taken off (automatically)>, <to be parted>. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is はなす<ha-na-su>.
2) とれる（取れる, to-re-ru）meaning <to come off> <to be taken off (automatically)>in general. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is とる <to-ru>.
3) ぬげる（脱げる、nu-ge-ru）meaning <to be taken off (automatically)> (usually clothes). Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is ぬぐ<nu-gu>.
4) はずれる（外れる, hazu-re-ru）meaning <to be taken off (automatically)>, <to be broken off (automatically)>, <to come off>. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is はずす <ha-zu-su>.
5) はがれる（剥がれる, ha-ga-re-ru） meaning <to be peeled off (automatically)>. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is はがす<ha-ga-su>.
6) ぬける（抜ける, nu-ke-ru） meaning <to be pulled out (automatically)>, <to come off>. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is ぬく<nu-ku>.
衝く（つく, tsu-ku） - to attack at a narrow area. Transitive verb.
The opposite verbs are
1) ひく（引く, hi-ku） meaning <to pulled back, to draw back>. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is also ひく < hi-ku>.
2) さがる（下がる, sa-ga-ru） meaning <to pull back, to draw back> horizontally. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is さげる< sa-ge-ru>. These verbs are used in the vertical sense as well.
3) しりぞく（退く, shiri-zo-ku） meaning <to pull back, to draw back>. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is しりぞける<shiri-zo-ke-ru> meaning (to push back>
尽
く（つく, tsu-ku） - to use up, to reach the end (bottom). Transitive verb.
The opposite verbs are
1) みつ（満つ, mi-tsu）meaning <to become full>,<to be filled>. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is みたす<mi-ta-su>.
2) みちる（満ちる, michi-ru）meaning <to become full>,<to be filled>. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is みたす<mi-ta-su>.
3) はじまる（始まる, haji-ma-ru）meaning <to start>. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is はじめる<haji-me-ru>.
3) つづく（続く, tsu-zu-ku）meaning <to continue>. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is つづける<tsu-zu-ke-ru>.
憑く（ つく, tsu-ku） - to attach, mentally or psychologically. Intransitive verb.
The opposite verbs are はなれる（離れる, hana-re-ru）and さる（去る, sa-ru).
点く （つく, tsu-ku） - to turn on, to catch fire. 着く or 付く is also used for this use. Intransitive verb.
The opposite verb is きえる（消える, ki-e-ru） meaning <to turn off, to go off>. Intransitive verb. The transitive verb is けす<消す, ke-su>.
-----
Furthermore, and a lot more. No Chinese characters are shown even thought usually used.
1) Diverting from the target - ha-na-su （はなす） (to part, to split) , ha-na-re-ru (はなれる) (to depart), so-re-ru （それる） <-- so-ru (to bend)、ha-zu-re-ru （はずれる）, ta-ga-u （たがう）（to fail to hit).
2) Making something to divert from the target - so-ra-su (そらす), sa-ke-ru (さける), no-ga-re-ru (のがれる).
3) Coming off from the attached thing - nu-ke-ru (ぬける), nu-ge-ru (ぬげる), to-re-ru (とれる), o-chi-ru (おちる), ha-zu-re-ru (はずれる), ha-ge-ru (はげる), ha-ga-re-ru (はがれる).
4) Making something attached come off - nu-gu (ぬぐ), to-ru (とる), o-to-su (おとす), ha-zu-su (はずす), ha-gu (はぐ), ha-ga-su (はがす) , so-gu (そぐ)、mo-gu (もぐ), so-ru (そる), ka-ru (かる), no-zo-ku (のぞく), nu-gu-u (ぬぐう), ha-ku (はく), ha-ra-u (はらう), no-ke-ru (のける).
nu-gu (ぬぐ) － to take off (clothes)
ha-gu (はぐ) － ha-ga-su (はがす) - to peel off
so-gu (そぐ) － to chip off (a surface by a knife)
mo-gu (もぐ) － to pluck off (an apple)
so-ru (そる) － to shave (a face by a knife or shaver)
ka-ru (かる) － to cut (by a sickle)
no-zo-ku (のぞく) － to set aside, to clean up, to wipe out
nu-gu-u (ぬぐう) － to wipe off (by a piece of cloth)
ha-ra-u (はらう) － to sweep off (by a broom)
no-ke-ru (のける) － to set aside, to take away
Please note that no-ga-re-ru (のがれる), nu-ke-ru (ぬける), nu-gu (ぬぐ), nu-gu-u (ぬぐう), no-ke-ru (のける) are regarded as phonetically the same group. nu-ke-ru (ぬける) is an intransitive verb ( to come off from the attached thing ) and the transitive verb is nu-ku (ぬく), which is one of the important verbs and has eventually versatile meanings.
nu-ku (ぬく) － to pull out, to take off (away), to pass over, go through, to omit.
Also ha-na-su (はなす), ha-na-re-ru (はなれる), ha-zu-su (はずす), ha-zu-re-ru
(はずれる), ha-gu (はぐ), ha-ga-su (はがす), ha-ga-re-ru (はがれる), ha-ge-ru (はげる),
a-ku (はく), ha-ra-u (はらう) are regarded as phonetically one group.
The verbs for <to divide> as the opposite to <to attach> in general and specific
Transitive verb - Intransitive verb
ki-ru (きる) －ki-re-ru (きれる) - to cut, to cut off
ta-tsu (たつ) －to cut, to cut off. Only transitive verb exists.
wa-ke-ru (わける)－wa-ka-re-ru (わかれる) - to divide, to sort out
sa-ku (さく)－sa-ke-ru (さける) - to cut off, to sever
wa-ru (わる) －wa-re-ru (われる) - to break off, to break apart
ya-bu-ru (やぶる)- ya-bu-re-ru (やぶれる) - to tear off, to tear apart, to break apart
chi-ra-su (ちらす)－chi-ru (ちる) - to scatter away
ke-zu-ru (けずる)－ke-zu-re-re (けずれる) - to cut out by a knife, chisel, to grind
mo-gu (もぐ)－mo-ge-ru (もげる) - to pluck off (an apple) by twisting
so-ru (そる) － to shave. The intransitive verb can be made but rarely used.
In Japanese it is very common to use different verbs, instead of adding <off>, <away> to a verb (someone call this English verb + adverb or preposition pattern as verb fusion, or verb FUS) and combine two (rarely three) verbs because the Japanese verbs are generally short - mostly two to three syllables - and combine two (rarely three) verbs together. For this reason (short syllable verbs) there are quite many independent verbs used to express various different situations.
To combine two (rarely three) verbs is another Japanese typical feature. Let's see some - really a very small part of the whole very large combination verbs - Japanese Verb Combinations. Grammatically all the combinations are possible and can be guessed the meaning but not all of them have the civil rights.
The common ones are XX + to-ru (とる）
How to combine two verbs. Very simple. You can easily find the grammatical rule of <u ---> i>. The basic meanings are <to XX(verb) and take>
hi-ku + to-ru ---> hi-ki to-ru
ha-ga-su + to-ru ---> ha-ga-shi to-ru
nu-ku + to-ru ---> mu-ki to-ru
ke-su + to-ru ---> ke-shi to-ru
nu-gu + to-ru ---> nu-gi to-ru gi is pronounced more like the Italian ghi.
ha-gu + to-ru ---> ha-gi- to-ru
so-gu + to-ru ---> so-gi to-ru
mo-gu + to-ru ---> mo-gi to-ru
so-ru + to-ru ---> so-ri to-ru
ka-ru + to-ru ---> ka-ri to-ru
nu-gu-u + to-ru ---> nu-gi-i to-ru
ki-ru + to-ru ---> ki-ri to-ru
ya-bu-ru + to-ru ---> ya-bu-ri to-ru
ke-zu-ru + to-ru ---> ke-zu-ri to-ru
-----
There are some verbs where <to-ro> comes first. The basic meanings are <to take and XX(verb)>
to-ru + sa-ru ---> to-ri sa-ru
to-ru + ha-na-su ---> to-ri ha-na-su
to-ru + ke-su ---> to-ri ke-su, meaning <to cancel>
to-ru + no-zo-ku ---> to-ri no-zo-ku
to-ru + no-ke-ru ---> to-ri no-ke-ru
to-ru + ha-ra-u ---> to-ri ha-ra-u
to-ru + no-ke-ru ---> to-ri no-ke-ru
Some other combinations <XX + YY>
XX +sa-ru - The basic meanings are <to XX(verb) + (take) away>
ki-ru + sa-ru ---> ki-ri + sa-ru
nu-ku + sa-ru ----> nu-ki + sa-ru
ya-bu-ru + sa-ru ---> ya-bu-ri + sa-ru
ke-zu-ru + sa-ru ---> ke-zu-ri + sa-ru
nu-gu-u + sa-ru --> nu-gu-i + sa-ru
hu-ku + sa-ru --> hu-ki + sa-ru
XX + ha-na-su - The basic meanings are <to XX(verb) + (take) away>
hi-ku + ha-na-su ---> hi-ki + ha-na-su
ki-ru + ha-na-su ---> ki-ri + ha-na-su
XX + o-to-su - The basic meanings are <to XX(verb) + (take) down>
hi-ku+ o-to-su ---> hi-ki + o-to-su
ki-ru + o-to-su ---> ki-ri + o-to-su
so-ru + o-to-su ---> so-ri + o-to-su
so-gu + o-to-su ---> so-gi + o-to-su
ha-ku + o-to-su ---> ha-ki + o-to-su
ke-zu-ru + o-to-su ---> ke-zu-ri + o-to-su
sptt
No comments:
Post a Comment