Adjective Conjugations
Japanese adjectives conjugate - to change the un-root part (which follows the root part) - and very systematically. The words change in this system are called adjective. We do not elaborate the adjective conjugations here but only deal with Verb Conjugations - how to change an adjective to a verb - intransitive and transitive, which is also very systematic or we could say very simple.
ha-ya-i (はやい、速い、早い) - ha-ya-ku-na-ru (速くなる、早くなる) - ha-ya-ku-su-ru (速くする、早くする) - fast as well as early - to become fast (early) - to make st fast (early)
A. ＜na-ru＞＜su-ru ＞pair
ha-ya-ku = adverb
na-ru (なる) intransitive verb： can be independently used and means ＜to become＞and attached to the adjective root (ha-ya) -ku from.
su-ru (する) transitive verb ： can be independently used and means ＜to do＞ but in this case ＜to make＞st adjective and attached to the adjective root (ha-ya) -ku from.
＜na-ru＞＜su-ru ＞pair can be used universally to any adjective.
ha-ya-i (はやい、速い、早い) - ha-ya-ma-ru (速まる、早まる) (verb) - ha-ya-me-ru (速める、早める) (verb) - fast as well as early - to become fast (early) - to make st fast (early)
B. ＜ma-ru ＞＜me-ru＞pair
ha-ya = a base of an adjective ＜ha-ya-i＞
ma-ru (まる)= a intransitive verb ending. Not independently used but attached to the adjective root (fa-ya) and means ＜to become＞
me-ru (める)= a transitive verb ending. Not independently used but attached to the adjective root (fa-ya) and means ＜to make＞.
＜ma-ru ＞＜me-ru＞ forms are frequently used in Japanese to make an intransitive verb (ma-ru) and a transitive verb (me-ru) to add a base of an adjective.
o-so-i (おそい、遅い) - o-so-ku-na-ru (遅くなる) - o-so-ku-su-ru (遅くする) - slow as well as late - to become slow (late) - to make st slow (late)
o-so-i (おそい、遅い) - o-so-ma-ru (遅まる) - o-so-me-ru (遅める) - slow as well as late - to become slow (late) - to make st slow (late)
In case of the meaning of slow (not late) we have another adjective <no-ro-i> but this adjective has no ＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: no-ro-i (のろい) has some figurative meanings of slow (not bright, not smart or simply stupid) while o-so-i (おそい) does not.
no-so-i (のろい) - o-so-ku-na-ru (のろくなる) - o-so-ku-su-ru (のろくする) - slow - to become slow - to make st slow.
to-o-i (とおい、遠い) - to-o-ku-na-ru (遠くなる) - to-o-ku-su-ru (遠くする) - ar (away) - to become far (away) - to make st far (away)
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: o-o-i (とおい、遠い) - to-o-ma-ru (遠まる) - to-o-me-ru (遠める) - possible but rarely used
chi-ka-i (ちかい、近い) - chi-ka-ku-na-ru (近くなる) - chi-ka-ku-su-ru (近くなる) - to become near(er), close(er) - to make st near(er), close(er)
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: chi-ka-i (ちかい、近い) - chi-ka-ma-ru (近まる) - chi-ka-me-ru (近める) - to become near(er), close(er) - to make st near(er), close(er)
ya-su-i (やすい、安い) - ya-su-ku-na-ru (安くなる) - ya-su-ku-su-ru (安くする) - cheap - to become cheap - to make st cheap
ta-ka-i (たかい、高い) - ta-ka-ku-na-ru (高くなる) - ta-ka-ku-su-ru (高くする) - expensive or physically high - to become expensive or high - to make st expensive or high
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: ta-ka-ii (たかい、高い) - ta-ka-ma-ru (高まる) - ta-ka-me-ru (高める) - expensive or physically high - to become expensive or high- to make st expensive or high
a-tsu-i (あつい、暑い、熱い) - a-tsu-ku-na-ru (暑くなる、熱くなる) - a-tsu-ku-su-ru (熱くする)
stresses on tsu - hot - to become hot- to make st hot
a-tsu-i (あつい、厚い) (no stress on tsu) - thick
a-at-ta-ka-i (あたたかい、暖かい)- a-at-ta-ka-ku-na-ru (暖かくなる) - a-at-ta-ka-ku-su-ru ((暖かくする) - warm - to become warm - to make st warm
usually used for weather, human body
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: a-at-ta-ka-i (あたたかい、暖かい) - a-ta-ta-ma-ru (暖（or 温）まる) - a-ta-ta-me-ru (暖（or 温）める) - warm - to become warm - to make st warm
usually used for cooking
sa-mu-i (さむい、寒い) - sa-mu-ku-na-ru (寒くなる) - (sa-mu-ku-su-ru (寒くする), possible but rarely used) - cold - to become cold - to make st cold
usually used for weather, human body
sa-me-ta (さめた、冷めた) (not sa-mu-i) - sa-me-ru (冷める) - sa-ma-su (冷ます) - cold - to become cold - to make st cold. <sa-me-ta> is the past (participle) form of the verb <sa-me-ru>.
usually used for cooking
The English adjective <cold> can mean both <cold weather> and <cold food> but the Japanese have two different adjectives - sa-mu-i (さむい、寒い) and sa-me-ta (さめた、冷めた). <sa-me-ta> is the past or past perfect form of the verve <sa-me-ru> (intransitive verb). The past or past perfect form of the verb ＜sa-ma-su＞ (transitive verb) is <sa-ma-sa-re-ta>, which is seldom used.＜sa-mu-i＞ may have a relation with ＜sa-mi-shi-i (さみしい)＞ (sad).
o-o-ki-i (おおきい、大きい) - o-o-ki-ku-na-ru (大きくなる) - o-o-ki-ku-su-ru (大きくする) - big, large - to become big, large - to make st big, large.
ch-i-sa-i (ちいさい、小さい) - ch-i-sa-ku-na-ru (小さくなる) - ch-i-sa-ku-su-ru (小さくする) - little (physically) - to become little - to make st little
su-ku-na-i (すくない、少ない) - su-ku-na-ku-na-ru (少なくなる) - su-ku-na-ku-su-ru (少なくする)
few or little - to become fewer or little - to make st fewer or little
o-o-i (おおい、多い) - o-o-ku-na-ru (多くなる) - o-o-ku-su-ru (多くする)
many or very much - to become more or very much - to make st more or very much
hi-ro-i (ひろい、広い) - hi-ro-ku-na-ru (広くなる) - hi-ro-ku-su-ru (広くする) - spacious or wide - to become spacious or wide - to make st spacious or wide
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: hi-ro-i (ひろい、広い) - hi-ro-ma-ru (広まる) - hi-ro-me-ru (広める)
<hi-ro-i> has one more adjective conjugation.
hi-ro-i (ひろい、広い) - hi-ro-ga-ru (広がる) - hi-ro-ge-ru (広げる)
se-ma-i (せまい、狭い) - se-ma-ku-na-ru (狭くなる) - se-ma-ku-su-ru (狭くする) - small in space or narrow in width - to become small in space or narrow in width - to make st small in space or narrow in width
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: se-ma-i (せまい、狭い) (se-ba-shi (せばし)) - se-ba-ma-ru (狭まる) - se-ba-me-ru (狭める)
na-ga-i (ながい、長い) - na-ga-ku-na-ru (長くなる) - na-ga-ku-su-ru (長くする) - long - to become long - to make st long
mi-ji-ka-i (みじかい、短い) - mi-ji-ka-ku-na-ru (短くなる) - mi-ji-ka-ku-su-ru (短くする) - short - to become short - to make st short
o-mo-i (おもい、重い) - o-mo-ku-na-ru (重くなる) - o-mo-ku-su-ru (重くする) - heavy - to become heavy - to make st heavy
ka-ru-i (かるい、軽い) - ka-ru-ku-na-ru (軽くなる) - ka-ru-ku-su-ru (軽くする) - light in weight - to become light - to make st light
a-sa-i (あさい、浅い) - a-sa-ku-na-ru (浅くなる) - a-sa-ku-su-ru (浅くなる) - shallow - to become shallow - to make stshallow
hu-ka-i (ふかい、深い) - hu-ka-ku-na-ru (深くなる) - hu-ka-ku-su-ru (深くする) - deep - to become deep - to make st deep
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: hu-ka-i (ふかい、深い) - hu-ka-ma-ru (深まる) - hu-ka-me-ru (深める)
yo-i (よい、良い) - yo-ku-na-ru (良くなる) - yo-ku-su-ru (良くする) - good - to become good (or better) - to make st good (or better)
ko-no-ma-shi-i (このましい、好ましい) - ko-no-ma-shi-ku-na-ru (好ましくなる) - ko-no-ma-shi-ku-su-ru (好ましくする). - favorable - to become favorable - to make st favorable. ko-no-ma-shi-ku-su-ru is seldom used.
wa-ru-i (わるい、悪い) - wa-ru-ku-na-ru (悪くなる) - wa-ru-ku-su-ru (悪くする) (Old word: a-shi あし、悪し) - bad - to become bad (worse) - to make st worse
hi-do-i (ひどい) - hi-do-ku-na-ru (ひどくなる) - hi-do-ku-su-ru (ひどくする) - terrible - to become terrible - to make st terrible
u-to-ma-shi-i (うとましい) - u-to-ma-shi-ku-na-ru (うとましくなる) - u-to-ma-shi-ku-su-ru (うとましくする) - annoying - to become annoying - to make st annoying
i-ya-shi-i (いやしい、卑しい) (*) - i-ya-shi-ku-na-ru (卑しくなる) - ( i-ya-shi-ku-su-ru - no this verb used) - mean (spiteful) - to become mean - to make st mean
i-ma-i-ma-shi-i (いまいましい) - u-to-ma-shi-ku-na-ru (いまいましくなる) - u-to-ma-shi-ku-su-ru (いまいましくする) - irritating - to become irritating- to make st irritating
i-ya-na (いやな)(*) - i-ya-ni-na-ru (いやになる) - ( i-ya-ni-su-ru - no this verb) - detestable - to become detestable - ( )
i-ya-na (いやな)(*) - i-ya-ga-ru (いやがる) - ( i-ya-ge-ru - no this verb) - detestable - to seem detestable - ( )
＜i-ya-na＞ is not an adjective but an adjective-verb. We may see ＜adjective-verb --> Verb Conjugations ＞ later.
u-tsu-ku-shi-i (うつくしい、美しい) - u-tsu-ku-shi-ku-na-ru (美しくなる) - u-tsu-ku-shi-ku-su-ru (美しくする) - beautiful - to become beautiful - to make st beautiful
ki-re-i (きれいな、綺麗な)(*) - ki-re-i-ni-na-ru (綺麗になる)- ki-re-i-ni-su-ru (綺麗にする) - beautiful(pretty) - to become beautiful (pretty)- to make st beautiful (pretty)
＜ki-re-i ＞ is not an adjective but an adjective-verb.
ki-yo-i (きよい、清い) - ki-yo-ku-na-ru (清くなる) - ki-yo-ku-su-ru (清くなる) - pure- to become pure - to make st pure
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: ki-yo-i (きよい、清い) - ki-yo-ma-ru (清まる) - ki-yo-me-ru (清める)
mi-ni-ku-i (みにくい) - mi-ni-ku-ku-na-ru (みにくくなる) - mi-ni-ku-ku-su-ru (みにくくする) - ugly- to become ugly - to make st ugly. <mi-ni-ku-i> literally means <hard to see>
ki-ta-na-i (きたない) - ki-ta-na-ku-na-ru (きたくなる) - ki-ta-na-ku-su-ru (きたくする) - dirty- to become dirty - to make st dirty
<na-i> of <ki-ta-na-i> means <not>, the megative adjective.
tsu-yo-i (つよい、強い) - tsu-yo-ku-na-ru (強くなる) - tsu-yo-ku-su-ru (強くする) - strong- to become strong - to make st strong
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: tsu-yo-i (つよい、強い) - htsu-yo-ma-ru (強まる) - tsu-yo-me-ru (強める)
<tsu-yo-i> has one more adjective conjugation.
tsu-yo-i (つよい、強い) - tsu-yo-ga-ru (強がる) - (tsu-yo-ge-ru no this verb used)
yo-wa-i (よわい、弱い) - yo-wa-ku-na-ru (弱くなる) - yo-wa-ku-su-ru (弱くする) - weak- to become weak - to make st weak
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: yo-wa-i (よわい、弱い) - yo-wa-ma-ru (弱まる) - yo-wa-me-ru (弱める)
ka-ta-i (かたい、硬い) - ka-ta-ku-na-ru (硬くなる) - ka-ta-ku-su-ru ((硬くなる) - hard- to become hard - to make st hard
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: ka-ta-i ((かたい、固い) - ka-ta-ma-ru (固まる) - ka-ta-me-ru (固める)
ya-wa-ra-ka-i (やわらかい、柔らかい) - ya-wa-ra-ka-ku-na-ru (柔らかくなる) - ya-wa-ra-ka-ku-su-ru (柔らかくする) - soft- to become soft - to make st soft
hu-ru-i (ふるい、古い) - hu-ru-ku-na-ru (古くなる) - hu-ru-ku-su-ru (古くする) - old- to become old - to make st old
a-ta-ra-shi-i (あたらしい、新しい) - a-ta-ra-shi-ku-na-ru (新しくなる) - a-ta-ra-shi-ku-su-ru (新しくする)
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: (a-ra-ta-na (あらたな、新たな) - a-ra-ta-ma-ru (あらたまる) - a-ra-ta-me-ru (あらためる) (Old word: a-ra-ta-mu (verb) - new- to become new - to make st new
ki-tsu-i (きつい) - ki-tsu-ku-na-ru (きつくなる) - ki-tsu-ku-su-ru (きつくする) - tightened (tightening) (hard, mentally) - to become tightened - to make st tightened
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: (ki-tsu-i (きつい) - ki-tsu-ma-ru (きつまる) - ki-tsu-me-ru (きつめる)
yu-ru-i (ゆるい) - yu-ru-ku-na-ru (ゆるくなる) - yu-ru-ku-su-ru (ゆるくする) - relaxed - to become relaxed - to make st relaxed
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: （yu-ru-i (ゆるい) - yu-ru-ma-ru (ゆるまる) - yu-ru-me-ru (ゆるめる)
su-ru-do-i (するどい、鋭い) - su-ru-do-ku-na-ru (鋭くなる) - su-ru-do-ku-su-ru (鋭くする) - acute - to become acute - to make st acute
ni-bu-i (にぶい、鈍い) - ni-bu-ku-na-ru (鈍くなる) (ni-bu-ru (鈍る)) - ni-bu-ku-su-ru (鈍くする) - dumn - to become dumn - to make st dumn
a-ra-i (あらい、粗い) - a-ra-ku-na-ru (粗くなる) - a-ra-ku-su-ru (粗くする) - rough - to become rough - to make st rough
ko-ma-ka-i (こまかい、細かい) - ko-ma-ka-ku-na-ru (細かくなる) - ko-ma-ka-ku-su-ru (細かくする) - fine - to become fine - to make st fine
(na-me-ra-ka-na (なめらかな、滑らかな) - na-me-ra-ka-ni-na-ru (滑らかになる) - na-me-ra-ka-ni-su-ru (滑らかにする) - smooth - to become smooth - to make st smooth
ko-i (こい、濃い) - ko-ku-na-ru (濃くなる) - ko-ku-su-ru (濃くする) - dense - to become denth - to make stdenth
a-tsu-i (あつい、厚い) - a-tsu-ku-na-ru (厚くなる) - a-tsu-ku-su-ru (厚くする) - thick - to become thick - to make st thick
u-su-i (うすい、薄い) - u-su-ku-na-ru (薄くなる) - u-su-ku-su-ru (薄くする) - thin - to become thin - to make st thin
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: u-su-i ((うすい、薄い) - u-su-ma-ru (薄まる) - u-su-me-ru (薄める) - thin (mostly liquid) - to become thin - to make st thin
ma-ru-i (まるい、丸い) - ma-ru-ku-na-ru (丸くなる) - ma-ru-ku-su-ru (丸くする)- round - to become round - to make st round
＜ma-ru＞＜meru＞ forms: ma-ru-i (まるい、丸い) - ma-ru-ma-ru (丸まる) - ma-ru-me-ru (丸める)
ka-do-ka-do shi-i (かどかどしい) - ka-do-ka-do shi-ku-na-ru (かどかどしくなる) - ka-do-ka-do shi-ru ((かどかどしくする) －－＞ka-do-ba-ru (かどばる、角張る）?
shi-ka-ku-i (しかくい、四角い) - shi-ka-ku-ku-na-ru (四角くなる) - shi-ka-ku-ku-su-ru (四角くする) - of square - to become square - to make st square
ka-na-shi-i (かなしい、悲しい) - ka-na-shi-ku-na-ru (悲しくなる) - ka-na-shi-ku-su-ru (悲しくする)- ka-na-shi-ku-sa-se-ru (悲しくさせる) - sad - to become sad - to make oneself sad -- to make sb sad
ta-no-shi-i (たのしい) - ta-no-shi-ku-na-ru (たのしくなる) - ta-no-shi-ku-su-ru (たのしくする) - -ta-no-shi-ku-sa-se-ru (たのしくさせる) - happy (delighted) - to become happy - to make oneself happy - - to make sb happy
u-re-shi-i (うれしい) - u-re-shi-ku-na-ru (うれしくなる) - u-re-shi-ku-su-ru (うれしくする)- seldom used) - happy (delighted) - to become happy - to make sb/oneself happy
ka-shi-ko-i (かしこい、賢い) - ka-shi-ko-ku-na-ru (賢くなる) - ka-shi-ko-ku-su-ru (賢くする) - bright (clever) - to become bright - to make oneself bright
o-ro-ka-na (おろかな、愚かな) - o-ro-ka-ni-na-ru (愚かになる) - (o-ro-ka-ni-su-ru (愚かにする) - stupid - to become stupid - to regard/treat sb as stupid
ba-ka-na (ばかな) - ba-ka-ni-na-ru (ばかになる) - ba-ka--ni-su-ru (ばかにする) - stupid - to become stupid - to regard/treat sb as stupid
＜o-ro-ka-na＞,＜ba-ka-na＞ are not adjectives but adjective-verbs.
ta-da-shi-i (ただしい、正しい) - ta-da-shi-ku-na-ru (正しくなる) - ta-da-shi-ku-su-ru (正しくする) - right (righteous) - to become right - to make oneself right. ta-da-su (ただす、正す) means to correct st/sb.
i-so-ga-shi-i (いそがしい、忙しい) - i-so-ga-shi-ku-na-ru (忙しくなる)- i-so-ga-shi-ku-su-ru (忙しくする) - busy - to become busy - to make oneself busy
hi-ma-na (ひまな、暇な) - hi-ma-ni-na-ru (暇になる) - hi-ma-ni-su-ru (暇にする) (seldom used) - not busy (nothing to do) - to become not busy - to make oneself not busy
i-sa-ma-shi-i (いさましい、勇ましい) - i-sa-ma-ku-na-ru (勇ましくなる) - i-sa-ma-ku-su-ru (勇ましくする) - courageous - to become courageous - to make oneself courageous
i-sa-gi-yoi-i (いさぎよい) - i-sa-gi-yo-ku-na-ru (いさぎよくなる) - seldom used) - i-sa-gi-yo-ku-su-ru (いさぎよくする) - selfless - to become selfless - to make oneself selfless
i-sa-gi-yoi-i (いさぎよい) is not exactly same as "selfless". May be more like courageous (brave) without considering oneself
o-ku-byo-na (おくびょうな、臆病な) (Chinese origin) - o-ku-byo-ni-na-ru (おくびょうになる) - ( o-ku-byo-ni-su-ru (おくびょうにする) - no this verb) - timid - to become timid - ( )
hi-kyo-na (ひきょうな、卑怯な) (Chinese origin) - hi-kyo-ni-na-ru (ひきょうになる) - (hi-kyo-ni-su-ru (ひきょうにする) - no this verb) - shrewd - to become shrewd - ( )
These (o-ku-byo-na, hi-kyo-na) not adjectives but an adjective-verbs. We may see ＜adjective-verb --> Verb Conjugations ＞ later.
u-ma i (うまい) - u-ma-ku-na-ru (うまくなる) - u-ma-ku-su-ru (うまくする) ("skillful" as an adjective, "well" as an adverb)
he-ta-na (へたな)(*) - he-ta-ni-na-ru (へたになる) - he-ta-ni-su-ru (へたにする) ("not skillful" as an adjective, "not well" as an adverb)
<he-ta-na> is not an adjective but an adjective-verb.
ma-zu-i (まずい) - ma-zu-ku-na-ru (まずくなる) - ma-zu-ku-su-ru (まずくする) ("bad in a way of doing" as an adjective, "badly" as an adverb)
<ma-zu-i (まずい)> means also <not tasty>. (see below)
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o-i-shi-i (おいしい) - o-i-shi-ku-na-ru (おいしくなる) - o-i-shi-ku-su-ru (おいしくする)
u-ma i (うまい) - u-ma-ku-na-ru (うまくなる) - u-ma-ku-su-ru (うまくする) ("tasty" as an adjective)
ma-zu-i (まずい) - ma-zu-ku-na-ru (まずくなる) - ma-zu-ku-su-ru (まずくする)
(" not tasty" as an adjective)
a-ma-i (あまい、甘い) - a-ma-ku-na-ru (甘くなる) - a-ma-ku-su-ru (甘くする) - sweet
ka-ra-i (からい、辛い) - ka-ra-ku-na-ru (辛くなる) - ka-ra-ku-su-ru (辛くなる) - hot, spicy
sup-pa-i (すっぱい、酸っぱい) - sup-pa-ku-na-ru (酸っぱくなる) - sup-pa-ku-su-ru (酸っぱくなる) - sour
shop-pa-i (しょっぱい) - shop-pa-ku-na-ru (しょっぱくなる) - shop-pa-ku-su-ru (しょっぱくする) - salty
shi-o-ka-ra-i (しおからい、塩辛い) - shi-o-ka-ra-ku-na-ru (塩辛くなる) - shi-o-ka-ra-ku-su-ru (塩辛くする) － salty
ni-ga-i (にがい、苦い) - ni-ga--ku-na-ru (苦くなる) - ni-ga-ku-su-ru(苦くする) - bitter
shi-bu-i (しぶい、渋い) - (shi-bu-ku-na-ru (渋くなる) - shi-bu-ku-su-ru (渋くする) - adjective of "tannin" taste
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i-ta-i (いたい、痛い) - i-ta-ku-na-ru (痛くなる) - i-ta-ku-su-ru (痛くする) (usually oneself) - painful (mostly physically)
i-ta-ma-shi-i (いたましい、痛ましい) - i-ta-ma-shi-ku-na-ru (痛ましくなる) - i-ta-ma-shi-ku-su-ru (痛ましくする) - painful (mentally)
da-ru-i (だるい) - da-ru-ku-na-ru (だるくなる) - (da-ru-ku-su-ru (だるくする) - seldom used) - tired, to feel not physically active
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