The Japanese verbs are generally short - mostly two or three
syllables - and ending the vowel <u> or <consonant + u>. Let's
make (not learn) Japanese two syllable verbs.
Notes:
1) The Bold typed words have meaning and are actually used. But these are in the "ending form" or the "representative or infinitive" form like <to verb> in English although is used as it is for certain situations. The second syllable changes (conjugates) with the usage. The "ending form" mostly used when ending the sentence while the other forms are usually followed by another word - another verb or helping word or noun.
2) The underline in the verbs shows the location of the high
intonation, like Chinese accent (may not be the same), not strong stress accent like in
English and German. And
this high intonation location sometime varies with the geographical
location in Japan such as Tokyo and Osaka or with some other word in front of it or after it. I take the Tokyo intonation
(accent), which is regarded as the standard Japanese now. The mistaken intonation can be understood with some strangeness.
3) The italic verbs: When necessary to help you to play with more interest I have added old forms and they are shown in italic, some of which are still used now.
4) The verb should be classified into Transitive verb and Intransitive verb. But the Japanese verbs are used in fairy different grammatical structured from the English. Some verbs are regarded as used as transitive verb and some are regarded used as intransitive verb but the differences are not so distinctive as English. For instance since a <helping word> (called <jyo-shi> is used together with even a transitive verb in Japanese the English grammar structural definition of the transitive verb <Verb + Direct Object> cannot be applied. It may be confusing but I intentionally do not use this Direct and Indirect verbs classification because if I use it more confusions may show up. Instead I try to use prepositions as mush as possible in the English translations to show the differences.
5) The meaning(s) in English should be regarded as reference as the Japanese and English are so different in in nature almost no exact one-to-one equivalent for any verbs. So if you want to know more about the verb you interested in please consult a good dictionary which explains well and shows many examples how the verb is used in actual situations.
6) There is a rule that <r> sound does not come first (the first sound in the first syllable)
in the native Japanese original words - verbs, nouns adjectives, adverbs, helping verbs. helping words. But <ru-> row are shown to show no exception to this rule (though verbs only).
1. ending <vowel u>
-u
a-u, ka-u, sa-u, ta-u, na-u, ha-u, ma-u, ya-u, ra-u, wa-u
i-u, ki-u, shi-u, chi-u, ni-u, hi-u, mi-u, ( i-u), ri-u, ---
u-u, ku-u, su-u, tsu-u, nu-u, hu-u, mu-u, yu-u, ru-u, ---
e-u, ke-u, se-u, te-u, ne-u, he-u, me-u, ye-u, re-u, ---
o-u, ko-u, so-u, to-u, no-u, ho-u, mo-u, yo-u, ro-u, ---
a-u (あう、1) 会う、2) 合う) - 1) to meet (with), 2) to match with
i-u (いう、言う) - to say
o-u (おう、1) 追う、2) 負う) - 1) to follow, 2) to bear (be responsible for)
ka-u (かう、飼う） - 1) to feed (an animal)
ka-u (かう、買う） - 2) to buy
ku-u (くう、食う) - to eat (vulgar), the polite form is <ta-be-ru> (たべる、食る）.
ko-u (こう、1) 乞う、2) 請う) - 1) to beg, 2 )to ask for
su-u (すう、吸う) - to swallow, to absorb, to take (a breath), to smoke (a cigarette)
so-u (そう、1) 沿う、2) 添う) - 1) to go (be) along with, 2) to accompany
to-u (とう、問う) - to ask (a question)
na-u (なう) - to twist (straws to make a rope). Rarely used in the modern life.
nu-u (ぬう、縫う) - to sew
ha-u (はう) - to crawl, to creep
yo-u (よう、酔う) - to get drunken, to get seasick, or more generally to get motion sickness
Not many combinations are used. Most
of the above <-u> endings are originally <-hu> ending.
<hu> is a rather special pronunciation so it is a bit difficult to
produce it the same or very similar manner by different people and so
to hear clearly.
No
analysis on these verbs as I cannot find any rules or groupings in them
except only 1) one verb in the <-i> row and 2) no verb in the <-e> row,
which is common for the other groups too and typical in the verb making
system. This is probably because <i> and <e> are not so clearly pronounced (closed
or backward vowels) and not so clearly heard either while<a> and <o> are
clearly pronounced (open or front vowels).
2. ending <consonant + u>: - ku, -su, -tsu, -nu, -hu, -mu, -yu, -ru,
2 -1 -ku
a-ku, ka-ku, sa-ku, ta-ku, na-ku, ha-ku, ma-ku, ya-ku, ra-ku, wa-ku
i-ku, ki-ku, shi-ku, chi-ku, ni-ku, hi-ku, mi-ku, (i-ku), ri-ku, ---
u-ku, ku-ku, su-ku, tsu-ku, nu-ku, hu-ku, mu-ku, yu-ku, ru-ku, ---
e-ku, ke-ku, se-ku, te-ku, ne-ku, he-ku, me-ku, ye-ku, re-ku, ---
o-ku, ko-ku, so-ku, to-ku, no-ku, ho-ku, mo-ku, yo-ku, ro-ku, ---
a-ku (あく、飽く) - to get tired of, to get bored (in)
a-ku (あく、1) 開く、2) 空く) - 1) to open, 2) to become empty
i-ku (いく、行く) - to go
u-ku (うく、浮く) - to float
u-ku (うく、憂く) - to worry
o-ku (おく、置く) - to put, to place
ka-ku (かく、1) 書く、2) 掻く) - 1) to write; 2) to scratch (in the very old days, to write by scratching on something)
ka-ku (かく、欠く) - to be insufficient, not to suffice
ki-ku (きく、1) 聞く、2) 効く) - 1) to listen to ; 2) to work, to show effect
ko-ku (こく) - to ?
sa-ku (さく、1) 裂く、2) 割く) - 1) to split, to cut (into pieces), 2) to divide
sa-ku (さく、咲く) - to broom
shi-ku (しく、敷く) - to pave, to cover over (something)
shi-ku (しく、如く) - to exceed ( seldom used and when used it usually takes <not>)
su-ku (すく、好く) - to like, to favor
su-ku (すく、1) 空く、2) 透く、3) 梳く) - 1) to become empty, 2) to be seen through 3) to xxxx
se-ku (せく、急く) - to make haste
ta-ku (たく、炊く、焚く) - to cook (food), to burn (fire)
tsu-ku (つく、突く、衝く) - to push, to stick, to attack
tsu-ku (つく、1) 付く、2) 着く、3)点く、4) 搗く、5)就く) - 1) to attach (adhere) to, 2) to arrive, 3) to switch on, 4) to pound, 5) to take (a seat, a post). <tsu-ku> is a very versatile verb.
to-ku (とく、1) 解く、2) 溶く、3)説く) - 1) to solve, 2) to dissolve, 3) to preach (to talk)
na-ku (なく、泣く、鳴く) - to cry, to sing (a bird)
nu-ku (抜く、抜く、貫く) - to pull out, to pass over, to get through
no-ku (のく、退く) - to retreat
ha-ku (はく、1) 掃く、2) 吐く) - 1) to sweep, 2) to vomit, to make something (such as a lie)out from the mouth
ha-ku (はく、履く) - to ware, to put on (shoes)
hi-ku (ひく、1) 引く、2) 挽く、3) 弾く、4) 轢く、5) 退く) - 1) to pull, to draw, 2) to grind (beans, etc), 3) to play(a musical instrument), 4) run over, 5) to retreat. <hi-ku> is a very versatile verb like <tsu-ku>.
hu-ku (ふく、1) 吹く、噴く、2) 葺く) - to blow, to explode, 2) to xxxx (a roof)
hu-ku (ふく、拭く) - to wipe with cloth
ma-ku (まく、蒔く) - to plant seeds
ma-ku (まく、巻く) - to wind up
mu-ku (むく、1) 向く、剥く) -1) to turn (to a certain direction), 2) to peel off (peel, surface)
ya-ku (やく、焼く) - to grill, to burn
yu-ku (ゆく、行く) - to go
wa-ku (わく、沸く) - to boil
This
group has quite many verbs, especially the <-a> row and <u>
row followed by the <i> row and <-o> row. The <e> row
has only one. So, the <-a> and <u>
rows are fully filled up. The <o> rows misses <so-ku>, < ho-ku>, < mo-ku> but they have the variants <so-gu>, < ho-gu>, < mo-gu>as shown belwo in <-gu> ending.
<ku> has the viced vowel <gu>
-gu
a-gu, ka-gu, sa-gu, ta-gu, na-gu, ha-gu, ma-gu, ya-gu, ra-gu, wa-gu
i-gu, ki-gu, shi-gu, chi-gu, ni-gu, hi-gu, mi-gu, yi-gu, ri-gu, ---
u-gu, ku-gu, su-gu, tsu-gu, nu-gu, hu-gu, mu-gu, yu-gu, ru-gu, ---
e-gu, ke-gu, se-gu, te-gu, ne-gu, he-gu, me-gu, ye-gu, re-gu, ---
o-gu, ko-gu, so-gu, to-gu, no-gu, ho-gu, mo-gu, yo-gu, ro-gu, ---
ka-gu (かぐ、嗅ぐ) - to smell
ko-gu (こぐ、漕ぐ) - to row
su-gu (すぐ、1) 直ぐ、2) 過ぐ) - 1) to make st straight ; 2) to pass
tsu-gu (つぐ、1) 告ぐ、2) 次ぐ、3) 注ぐ、4) 継ぐ、5) 接ぐ) - 1) to tell, to inform ; 2) to pour; 3) to follow; 4) to succeed; 5) to connect
to-gu (とぐ、砥ぐ) - to sharpen
na-gu (なぐ、和ぐ、凪ぐ) - to weaken , to calm down
nu-gu (ぬぐ、脱ぐ) - to take off (clothes, shoes)
ha-gu (はぐ、剥ぐ) - to peel off
ho-gu (ほぐ) - to xxxx; to dissolve
mo-gu (もぐ) - to pluck off
2 -2 -su
a-su, ka-su, sa-su, ta-su, na-su, ha-su, ma-su, ya-su, ra-su, wa-su
i-su, ki-su, shi-su, chi-su, ni-su, hi-su, mi-su, (i-su), ri-su, ---
u-su, ku-su, su-su, tsu-su, nu-su, hu-su, mu-su, yu-su, ru-su, ---
e-su, ke-su, se-su, te-su, ne-su, he-su, me-su, ye-su, re-su, ---
o-su, ko-su, so-su, to-su, no-su, ho-su, mo-su, yo-su, ro-su, ---
o-su (おす、押す) - to push
ka-su （化す、課す、嫁す）are Chinese origin.
ka-su (かす、貸す) - to lend, to rent
ki-su (きす、帰す、期す、記す）are Chinese origin.
ke-su (けす、消す) - to extinguish, to erase
ko-su (こす、1) 越す，2)濾す) - 1)to cross over, 2) to distill
sa-su (さす、指す 刺す、差す、挿す) - 1) to indicate, to point out (指す), 2) to pierce, to sting (刺す), 3) to insert (差す、挿す)
shi-su (しす、死す) - Chinese origin. <shi (死)> + <su>. Refer to <shi-nu>.
ta-su (たす、足す) - to add
na-su (なす、成す) - to make, to achieve
no-su (のす、伸す、熨す) - to lengthen, to flatten
hi -su (ひす、比す、秘す) are Chinese origin.
hu-su (ふす、伏す) - to crouch
ho-su (ほす、干す、乾す) - to dry
ma-su (ます、増す) - to increase (as Transitive verb)
mu-su (むす、蒸す) - to steam
me-su (めす、召す) - to call sb to come, to invite (in polite form, to eat, to ware)
mo-su (もす、模す） Chinese origin.
mo-su (もす、燃す) - to burn
yo-su (よす、寄す) - to gather st (to make st close) to (a certain point, side, place) (Transitive), to become close to st (Intransitive)
yo-su (よす) - not to dare to do, to give up xx-ing
We
must be careful in this group as <su> is the helping verb
<su>, a part of <su-ru> (to do), having a function to change a intransitive verb to a
transitive verb. So, <na-su> can be considered as an independent two syllable
verb but can be regarded as the transitive verb form of <na-ru> (to become), ie <na-ru> + <su> (to make) combination
and <na-su> means <to make become>. <ka-su> is also
<ka-ru> (to borrow) + <su> --> to make borrow --> to
lend. <mo-su> = <mo-yu> (to burn) + <su> --> to
make burn.
Because of this <su> nature almost of all the above to syllable verbs ending <su> including the Chinese origin ones are Transitive verbs. some exceptions - shi-su (しす、死す) is Intransitive (to die). sa-su (さす、差す) is sometimes used as Intransitive (to get (to come) in at a narrow space)
It is a way (an easy way) to make a Chinese verb to the equivalent Japanese verb - to add <su> in old time or <su-ru> in modern time to the Chinese verb. <su> or <su-ru> is necessary because without these the Chinese verb cannot conjugate in Japanese. The Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives do not conjugate at all. So if you already knows Chinese verbs you can used your Chinese verbs to make Japanese verbs with relative ease. But your Japanese may sound more like Chinese when speaking while you may be regarded as more highly cultured when writing in this way.
<su> has the voiced sound <zu>
-zu
a-zu, ka-zu, sa-zu, ta-zu, na-zu, ha-zu, ma-zu, ya-zu, ra-zu, wa-su
i-zu, ki-zu, shi-zu, chi-zu, ni-zu, hi-zu, mi-zu, yi-zu, ri-zu, ---
u-zu, ku-zu, su-zu, tsu-zu, nu-zu, hu-zu, mu-zu, yu-zu, ru-zu, ---
e-zu, ke-zu, se-zu, te-zu, ne-zu, he-zu, me-zu, ye-zu, re-zu, ---
o-zu, ko-zu, so-zu, to-zu, no-zu, ho-zu, mo-zu, yo-zu, ro-zu, ---
<zu>
used to be used (or is used even now) as the helping verb (auxiliary
verb) meaning <not> so it cannot be used as
verb ending <-zu> to avoid confusion. However if you add one vowel after <zu> you can make some verbs like:
ki-zu-ku (1) きづく、 1) 気付く； 2) きずく、築く) － 1) to notice, 2) to build
tsu-zu-ku or tsu-zu-ku (つづく、続く) －1) to cntinue, 2) to follow
ne-zu-ku (ねづく、根付く) － to become rooted
ha-zu-su or ha-zu-su (はずす、外す) － to set something aside
ha-zu-mu or ha-zu-mu (はずむ、弾む) － to bound (up and down)
me-zu-ru (めずる、愛ずる) － to love, to be fond of
yu-zu-ru or yu-zu-ru (ゆずる、譲る) － to give away
2 -3 -tsu
a-tsu, ka-tsu, sa-tsu, ta-tsu, na-tsu, ha-tsu, ma-tsu, ya-tsu, ra-tsu, wa-tsu
i-tsu, ki-tsu, shi-tsu, chi-tsu, ni-tsu, hi-tsu, mi-tsu, (i-tsu), ri-tsu, ---
u-tsu, ku-tsu, su-tsu, tsu-tsu, nu-tsu, hu-tsu, mu-tsu, yu-tsu, ru-tsu, ---
e-tsu, ke-tsu, se-tsu, te-tsu, ne-tsu, he-tsu, me-tsu, ye-tsu, re-tsu, ---
o-tsu, ko-tsu, so-stu, to-tsu, no-tsu, ho-tsu, mo-tsu, yo-tsu, ro-tsu, ---
Not
many, especially in the modern forms. This may be because <tsu> (つ) used to be used (or is used
even now) as the helping verb (auxiliary
verb) showing <past> or more like <perfect>. The modern version of this <tsu> is <ta>. It is also used
as the helping word (not verb) <tsu> (つ) or <tsu-tsu>
(つつ) indicating or implying (not clearly showing) the meaning of
<while xxing> or <to be xxing>. To avoid confusion there are
not may verbs ending <-tsu> although the origin is not sure. Because of these <tsu> was limited to avoid confusion.
a-tsu --> modern form <a-te-ru> ( あてる、1) 当てる、2) 充てる、3) 宛てる) - 1) to hit; 2) to assign; 3) to addreee
u-tsu (うつ、打つ) - to hit, to beat, to strike, to flap
o-tsu --> modern form <o-chi-ru> (おちる、落ちる) to fall
ka-tsu (かつ、勝つ) - to win
（ke-tsu） --> modern form <ke-chi-ru> (けちる、ケチる) （＊）（ke-tsu）is not sure as the old form.
ku-tsu --> modern form <ku-chi-ru> (くちる、朽ちる) to get old and fall
su-tsu (すつ、捨つ）--> modern form <su-te-ru> (すてる, 捨てる) - to throw away, to dispose
ta-tsu (たつ、1) 立つ、2) 発つ、3) 経つ、4) 絶つ、5) 断つ、6) 裁つ) - 1) to stand up, to appear; 2) to leave; 3) to pass (time); to cut; 6) to cut (cloth)
ha-tsu --> modern form <ha-te-ru> (はてる) - to end
ma-tsu (まつ、待つ) - to wait
mi-tsu (みつ、満つ） --> modern form <mi-chi-ru> （みちる、満ちる) - to fill (intransitive verb)
mo-tsu (もつ、1) 持つ、2) もつ) -1) to have , to hold; 2) to endure
<tsu> has the voice vowel <dsu> but this <dsu> is almost same sound as <zu> now.
2 -4 -nu
a-nu, ka-nu, sa-nu, ta-nu, na-nu, ha-nu, ma-nu, ya-nu, ra-nu, wa-nu
i-nu, ki-nu, shi-nu, chi-nu, ni-nu, hi-nu, mi-nu, yi-nu, ri-nu, ---
u-nu, ku-nu, su-nu, tsu-nu, nu-nu, hu-nu, mu-nu, yu-nu, ru-nu, ---
e-nu, ke-nu, se-nu, te-nu, ne-nu, he-nu, me-nu, ye-nu, re-nu, ---
o-nu, ko-nu, so-nu, to-nu, no-nu, ho-nu, mo-nu, yo-nu, ro-nu, ---
I have fund only one verb in this group - shi-nu. <nu>
used to be used (or is used even now) as the helping verb (auxiliary
verb) showing <past> or <perfect> so it cannot be used as
verb ending <-nu> to avoid confusion. <shi-nu> (しぬ、死
ぬ) seems an exception. But <shi> is not the original Japanese but
came from China (死, now pronounced as <si> in Putonghua). And
<to die> is usually used in the past or perfect <died or have
died>. <shi-nu> is not the original Japanese two syllable verb.
2 -5 -hu
<hu>
was merged to <u> so no verbs ending with <hu> now. But
<hu> has the voice vowel <bu> and <bu> is used as the
verb ending.
-bu
a-bu, ka-bu, sa-bu, ta-bu, na-bu, ha-bu, ma-bu, ya-bu, ra-bu, wa-nu
i-bu, ki-bu, shi-bu, chi-bu, ni-bu, hi-bu, mi-bu, yi-bu, ri-bu, ---
u-bu, ku-bu, su-bu, tsu-bu, nu-bu, hu-bu, mu-bu, yu-bu, ru-bu, ---
e-bu, ke-bu, se-bu, te-bu, ne-bu, he-bu, me-bu, ye-bu, re-bu, ---
o-bu, ko-bu, so-bu, to-bu, no-bu, ho-bu, mo-bu, yo-bu, ro-bu, ---
Not many and only, only four verbs in the <o> row and two of them are ols forms.
o-bu --> modern form <o-bi-ru> (おびる、帯びる) - to have, to show
to-bu (とぶ、1) 飛ぶ、2) 跳ぶ) - 1) to fly; 2) to jump
no-bu --> modern form <no-be-ru> (のべる、1) 述べる、2) 延べる) - 1) to tell; 2) to extend, to lengthen
yo-bu (よぶ、呼ぶ) - to call
2 -6 -mu
a-mu, ka-mu, sa-mu, ta-mu, na-mu, ha-mu, ma-mu, ya-mu, ra-mu, wa-mu
i-mu, ki-mu, shi-mu, chi-mu, ni-mu, hi-mu, mi-mu, (i-mu), ri-mu, ---
u-mu, ku-mu, su-mu, tsu-mu, nu-mu, hu-mu, mu-mu, yu-mu, ru-mu, ---
e-mu, ke-mu, se-mu, te-mu, ne-mu, he-mu, me-mu, ye-mu, re-mu, ---
o-mu, ko-mu, so-mu, to-mu, no-mu, ho-mu, mo-mu, yo-mu, ro-mu, ---
a-mu (あむ、編む) - to knit, to weave a-mi (あみ、網)－net (noun)
i-mu (いむ、忌む) - to avoid (bad omen)
u-mu (うむ、生む) - to give birth, to produce
u-mu (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む) - 1) to get tired, 2) to fester (to wound) u-mi (うみ、膿)－smile (noun)
e-mu (えむ、笑む) - to smile (old usage) e-mi (えみ、笑み)－smile (noun)
ka-mu (かむ、咬む) - to bite
ka-mu (かむ、鼻をかむ) - to blow (one's nose)
ki-mu (きむ、決む) - --> modern form <ki-me-ru> (きめる）to decide
ku-mu (くむ、組む) - to make a pair, to construct ku-mi (くみ、組)
ku-mu (くむ、汲む) - to scoop (water)
ko-mu (こむ、込む、混む) - to fill up; to get crowded
sa-mu (さむ) --> modern form <sa-me-ru> (さめる）- to become cold (food)
shi-mu --> modern form <shi-mi-ru> (しみる) shi-mi (しみ、染み、滲み)－stain (noun)
su-mu (すむ、住む、済む、澄む) - to live (in a house, apartment); to be finished; to become clear
se-mu --> modern formｓ1) <se-me-ru> (せめる、1) 攻める，2) 責める、3) 迫める) - 21) to attack, 2) to blame, 3) to threaten. 2) <se-ma-ru> (せまる、迫る)
so-mu --> modern forms 1) <so-me-ru> (そめる、染める), 2) <so-ma-ru> (そまる、染まる)
ta-mu --> modern forms 1) <ta-me-ru> (ためる、貯める), 2) <ta-ma-ru> (たまる、貯まる)
ta-mu --> modern forms 1) <ta-me-ru> (ためる、矯める) - to correct, to straighten
tsu-mu --> modern forms 1) ＜tsu-me-ru> (つめる、詰める), 2)＜tsu-ma-ru> (つまる、詰まる) tsu-mi (つみ、罪)－sin、crime (noun)
tsu-mu (つむ、積む、摘む) - to pile up, to pack up, to pluck
to-mu (とむ、富む) - to become rich to-mi (とみ、富)－richness, wealth (noun)
ｎa-mu --> modern form <na-me-ru> (なめる） - to lick
no-mu (のむ、飲む) - to drink
ha-mu (はむ、食む) - to eat (old usage)
ha-mu --> modern forms 1) ＜ha-me-ru> (はめる、嵌める) - to fit, to mate (bolt and nut, plug and jack) (transitive verb) (bolt and nut), 2) ＜ha-ma-ru> (はまる、嵌まる) - to fit, to mate(intransitive verb)
hu-mu (ふむ、踏む) - to step on, to tread on
ho-mu --> modern forms 1) <ho-me-ru> (ほめる、褒める)
mo-mu (もむ、揉む) - to move a hand or hands to make something soften
ya-mu (やむ、病む) - to become sick <ya-me-ru > (やめる、ya-me-ru)
ya-mu (やむ、止む) - to stop, to cease <ya-me-ru> (やめる、止める、辞める)
yo-mu (よむ、読む) - to read
The above Japanese and English seem rather complicated. This is because I have added possible old forms and shown in italic, some of which are still used now without noticing them as old usage. As far as the modern uses are concerned the possible combination are not
too many not to few or relatively many and especially in the <a>,
<o>and <u> rows by following the general rule. You can find the modern forms easily by seeing only the bold typed verbs. The old verbs have changed but in a very regular way. This has brought me an grammatical interest so I will explain this more below.
I use the differentiation of Transitive verb and Intransitive verb for this group for more systematic understanding. Please note again <he Japanese verbs are used in fairy different grammatical structured
from the English. Some verbs are regarded as used as transitive verb and
some are regarded used as intransitive verb but the differences are not
so distinctive as English>.
a) Modern Transitive verbs
a-mu (あむ、編む) - to knit, to weave
i-mu (いむ、忌む) - to avoid (bad omen)
u-mu (うむ、生む) - to give birth, to produce
ka-mu (かむ、咬む) - to bite
ka-mu (かむ、鼻をかむ) - to blow (one's nose)
ku-mu (くむ、組む) - to make a pair, to construct
ku-mu (くむ、汲む) - to scoop (water)
tsu-mu (つむ、積む、摘む) - to pile up, to pack up, to load, to pluck
no-mu (のむ、飲む) - to drink
ha-mu (はむ、食む) - to eat (old usage)
hu-mu (ふむ、踏む) - to step on, to tread on
mo-mu (もむ、揉む) - to move a hand or hands to make something soften
ya-mu (やむ、病む) - to become sick (Intransitive verb as well)
yo-mu (よむ、読む) - to read
i) to change <u> to <e> and + <ru>
a-mu (あむ、編む)--> a-me-ru (あめる、編める) - to be able to knit, to be able to weave
or to be knit-able, to be weav-able
i-mu (いむ、忌む) --> i-me-ru (いめる、忌める) - to be able to avoid (bad omen) or to be avoid-able
u-mu (うむ、生む) --> u-me-ru (うめる、生める) - to be able to give birth, to be able to produce or
to be give-birth-able, to be produce-able
ka-mu (かむ、咬む) --> ka-me-ru (かめる、咬める) - to be able to bite or to be bite-able
ka-mu (かむ、鼻をかむ) --> ka-me-ru (かめる、鼻をかめる) - to be able to blow (one's nose) or to be-blow-able
ku-mu (くむ、組む) --> ku-me-ru (くめる、組める) - to be able to make a pair, to be able to construct or to be make a pair-able, to be construct-able
ku-mu (くむ、汲む) --> ku-me-ru (くめる、汲める) - to be able to scoop (water) or to be scoop-able
tsu-mu (つむ、積む、摘む) --> tsu-me-ru (つめる、積める、摘める) - to be able to pile up, to be able to pack up, to be able to pluck or be pile-up-able, to be pack-up-able, to be pluckable
no-mu (のむ、飲む) --> no-me-ru (のめる、飲める) - to be able to drink or to be drink-able
ha-mu (はむ、食む) --> ha-me-ru (はめる、食める) - to be able to eat (old usage) or to be eat-able
hu-mu (ふむ、踏む) --> hu-me-ru (ふめる、踏める) - to be able to step on, to be able to tread on or
to be step-on-able, to be tread-on-able
mo-mu (もむ、揉む) --> mo-me-ru (もめる、揉める) - to be able to move a hand or hands to make something soften or to be (a hand or hands) move-able
ya-mu (やむ、病む) --> ya-me-ru (やめる、病める) - to be able to become sick (Intransitive verb as well) (*) or to be sicken-able (*)
yo-mu (よむ、読む) --> yo-me-ru (よめる、読める) - to be able to read or to be readable
Except <ya-mu>
the change of the meaning of all these verbs are the same - to be able
to xxxx or to be xxxx-able. <able> means usually <ability>
or in some cases <probability>.
ii) to change <u> to <a> and + <ru>
a-mu (あむ、編む)--> a-ma-ru (あまる)
i-mu (いむ、忌む) --> i-ma-ru (いまる)
ka-mu (かむ、咬む) --> ka-ma-ru (かまる)
ka-mu (かむ、鼻をかむ) --> ka-ma-ru (かまる)
ku-mu (くむ、組む) --> ku-ma-ru (くまる)
ku-mu (くむ、汲む) --> ku-ma-ru (くまる)
tsu-mu (つむ、積む、摘む) --> tsu-ma-ru (つまる）
no-mu (のむ、飲む) --> no-ma-ru (のまる)
ha-mu (はむ、食む) --> ha-ma-ru (はまる)
hu-mu (ふむ、踏む) --> hu-ma-ru (ふまる)
mo-mu (もむ、揉む) --> mo-me-ru (もまる)
ya-mu (やむ、病む) --> ya-ma-ru (やまる)
yo-mu (よむ、読む) --> yo-ma-ru (よまる)
In contrast to i) to change <u> to <e> and + <ru><e> and + <ru> All of them do not make when referring to the original meanings and most of them do not make sense at all in the modern Japanese This is very grammatical phenomenon.
Some of them do make sense but in different meaning from the original meaning.
a-mu (あむ、編む)--> a-ma-ru (あまる、余る) - means to excess, to be excessive, be more than the requirement, to be left over.
tsu-mu (つむ、積む、摘む) --> tsu-ma-ru (つまる） - means to congest, to be congested, to face the dead-end
ha-mu (はむ、食む) --> ha-ma-ru (はまる) - means to xxxx
ya-mu (やむ、病む) --> ya-ma-ru (やまる) - means to cease, to stop
b) Modern Intransitive verbs
u-mu (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む) - 1) to get tired, 2) to xxxx
u-mu (うむ、生む) - to give birth to
e-mu (えむ、笑む) - to smile (old usage)
ko-mu (こむ、込む、混む) - to fill up; to get crowded
su-mu (すむ、１)住む、２）済む、３）澄む) - 1) to live (in a house, apartment); 2) to finish, to be finished; 3）to become clear
to-mu (とむ、富む) - to be rich in
ya-mu (やむ、病む) - to become sick (Transitive verb as well)
ya-mu (やむ、止む) - to stop, to cease
i) to change <u> to <e> and + <ru>
u-mu (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む) --> u-me-ru (うめる) - seldom used
e-mu (えむ、笑む) --> e-me-ru (えめる) - does not exist
ko-mu (こむ、込む、混む) --> k-me-ru (こめる) - to pack st in (to) - transitive verb
su-mu (すむ、1) 住む、2) 済む、3) 澄む) --> su-me-ru (すめる) - 1) 住める - to be able to live, to be habitable , 2) 済める (this verb does not exist), 3) 澄める - also to to be clean (adjective) but seldom sued
to-mu (とむ、富む) --> to-me-ru (とめる、富める) - also to be rich in (adjective)
ya-mu (やむ、病む) --> ya-me-ru (やめる) - to be suffering (adjective)
ya-mu (やむ、止む) --> ya-me-ru (やめる) - to stop (transitive verb)
ii) to change <u> to <a> and + <ru>
u-mu (うむ、1) 倦む、2) 膿む) --> u-ma-ru (うまる) - seldom used
e-mu (えむ、笑む) --> e-mm-ru (えまる) - does not exist
ko-mu (こむ、込む、混む) --> ko-ma-ru (こまる) - seldom used in this sense
su-mu (すむ、住む、済む、澄む) --> su-ma-ru (すまる) - seldom used in these senses
to-mu (とむ、富む) --> to-ma-ru (とまる) - seldom used in this sense
ya-mu (やむ、病む) --> ya-ma-ru (やまる) - does not exist
ya-mu (やむ、止む) --> ya-ma-ru (やまる) - also to stop (intransitive) but seldom used in this sense
c) old Transitive verbs
ki-mu (きむ、決む)
se-mu --> modern formｓ1) se-me-ru (せめる、1) 攻める，2) 責める、3) 迫める) - 21) to attack, 2) to blame, 3) to threaten. 2) se-ma-ru (せまる、迫る)
so-mu --> modern forms 1) so-me-ru (そめる、染める), 2) <so-ma-ru> (そまる、染まる)
ta-mu --> modern forms 1) ｔa-me-ru (ためる、貯める), 2) <ta-ma-ru> (たまる、貯まる)
ta-mu --> modern forms 1) ta-me-ru (ためる、矯める) - to correct, to straighten
to-mu --> modern forms 1) <ta-me-ru> (とめる、止める) - to stop
tsu-mu --> modern forms 1) ＜tsu-me-ru> (つめる、詰める), 2)tsu-ma-ru> (つまる、詰まる)
ｎa-mu --> modern form na-me-ru (なめる） - to lick
ha-mu --> modern forms 1) ha-me-ru (はめる、嵌める), 2) ＜ha-ma-ru> (はまる、嵌まる)
ho-mu --> modern forms 1) ho-me-ru (ほめる、褒める)
i) to change <u> to <e> and + <ru>
ki-mu --> ki-me-ru, which is the modern form, (きめる）to decide
se-mu --> se-me-ru , which is the modern form (せめる、1) 攻める to attack，2) 責める、3) 迫める)
so-mu --> so-me-ru, which is the modern form (そめる、染める) to dye
ta-mu --> ta-me-ru, which is the modern form (ためる、貯める) to save (money)
ta-mu --> ta-me-ru, which is the modern form (ためる、矯める) - to correct, to straighten
tsu-mu --> tsu-me-ru, which is the modern form (つめる、詰める) to pack
ｎa-mu --> na-me-ru, which is the modern form (なめる） - to lick
ha-mu --> ha-me-ru, which is the modern form (はめる、嵌める)
ho-mu --> ho-me-ru , which is the modern form (ほめる、褒める) to praise
ii) to change <u> to <a> and + <ru>
ki-mu --> ki-ma-ru (きまる、決まる) - to decide, to be decided (intransitive)
se-mu --> se-ma-ru (せまる、迫る)
so-mu --> so-ma-ru (そまる、染まる) - to be dyed (intransitive)
ta-mu --> ta-ma-ru (たまる、貯まる) - to be saved (money) (intransitive), to pile up (intransitive)
ta-mu --> ta-ma-ru (たまる、矯まる) - to be corrected, to be straightened (intransitive)
tsu-mu --> tsu-ma-ru (つまる、詰まる) - to be packed, to be congested (intransitive)
ｎa-mu --> na-ma-ru (なまる）
ha-mu --> ha-ma-ru (はまる、嵌まる) - - to be ?, to be ? (intransitive)
ho-mu --> ho-ma-ru (ほまる) - seldom used
d) Old Intransitive verbs
None (so far found in this group)
2 -7 -yu
a-yu, ka-yu, sa-yu, ta-yu, na-yu, ha-yu, ma-yu, ya-yu, ra-yu, wa-mu
i-yu, ki-yu, shi-yu, chi-yu, ni-yu, hi-yu, mi-yu, (i-yu), ri-yu, ---
u-yu, ku-yu, su-yu, tsu-yu, nu-yu, hu-yu, mu-yu, yu-yu, ru-yu, ---
e-yu, ke-yu, se-yu, te-yu, ne-yu, he-yu, me-yu, ye-yu, re-yu, ---
o-yu, ko-yu, so-yu, to-yu, no-yu, ho-yu, mo-yu, yo-yu, ro-yu, ---
No two syllable verbs ending <-yu> in the modern forms. <yu> have been changed to <e-ru>.
a-e-ru, ka-e-ru, sa-e-ru, ta-e-ru, na-e-ru, ha-e-ru, ma-e-ru, ya-e-ru, ra-e-ru, wa--e-ru
i-e-ru, ki-e-ru, shi-e-ru, chi-e-ru, ni-e-ru, hi-e-ru, mi-e-ru, (i-e-ru), ri-e-ru, ---
u-e-ru, ku-e-ru, su-e-ru, tsu-e-ru, nu-e-ru, hu-e-ru, mu-e-ru, yu-e-ru, ru-e-ru, ---
e-e-ru, ke-e-ru, se-e-ru, te-e-ru, ne-e-ru, he-e-ru, me-e-ru, ye-e-ru, re-e-ru, ---
o-e-ru, ko-e-ru, so-e-ru, to-e-ru, no-e-ru, ho-e-ru, mo-e-ru, yo-e-ru, ro-e-ru, ---
a-e-ru (あえる、和える) - to xxx
i-e-ru (いえる、癒える) - to be cured (intransitive)
u-e-ru (うえる、飢える) - to get hungry
u-e-ru (うえる、植える) - to plant (transitive)
o-e-ru (おえる、終える) - to end (both transitive and intransitive)
ka-e-ru (かえる、1)帰る, 返る、2)孵る) - 1) to return; 2) to hutch (transitive)
ka-e-ru (かえる、変える、換える、替える) - to change, to replace
ki-e-ru (きえる、消える) - to disappear, to switch off (intransitive)
ko-e-ru (こえる、肥える) - to get hat (intransitive)
ko-e-ru (こえる、越える) - to cross over, to overcome,
sa-e-ru (さえる、冴える) - to get clear minded (intransitive)
su-e-ru (すえる、饐える) - to get soured (food) (intransitive)
su-e-ru (すえる、据える) - to set, to place, (transitive)
so-e-ru (そえる、添える) - to add (transitive)
ta-e-ru (たえる、絶える、耐える) - to extinguish, to endure
na-e-ru (なえる、萎える) - to get lifeless
ni-e-ru (にえる、煮える) - to cook (intransitive verb)
ha-e-ru (はえる、生える、映える) - to appear; to seem distictive
hi-e-ru (ひえる、冷える) - to become cold
hu-e-ru (ふえる、増える) - to increase (intransitive verb)
ho-e-ru (ほえる、吠える) - to bark (intransitive verb)
mo-e-ru (もえる、燃える、萌える) - to burn (intransitive)； to xxxx (transitive)
2 -7 -ru
a-ru, ka-ru, sa-ru, ta-ru, na-ru, ha-ru, ma-ru, ya-ru, ra-ru, wa-ru
i-ru, ki-ru, shi-ru, chi-ru, ni-ru, hi-ru, mi-ru, (i-ru), ri-ru, ---
u-ru, ku-ru, su-ru, tsu-ru, nu-ru, hu-ru, mu-ru, yu-ru, ru-ru, ---
e-ru, ke-ru, se-ru, te-ru, ne-ru, he-ru, me-ru, ye-ru, re-ru, ---
o-ru, ko-ru, so-ru, to-ru, no-ru, ho-ru, mo-ru, yo-ru, ro-ru, ---
Almost
perfect combination. <-ru> ending can be called as the verb making
suffix. As mentioned earlier <r> sound does not come first in the
original Japanese. Instead <ru> is devoted its function in making
verbs.
<yu-ru> can be regarded as <u-ru> and
<ye-re> as <e-ru> and <u-ru> and <e-ru> are
closely related too. <ma-ru>, <me-ru> and <mu-ru> are not used an
independent verbs but <ma-ru> and <me-ru> used commonly as quasi-helping verbs.
See below.
a-ru (ある、在る、有る) - to be(non human), to exist
i-ru (いる、1) 射る、2) 鋳る、3) 煎る) - 1) to shoot; 2) to cast; 3) to xxxx
i-ru (いる、1) 居る、2) 入る、3) 要る) - 1) to be (human); 2) to enter; 3) to need, to require
u-ru (うる、得る) - to obtain
u-ru (うる、売る) - to sell
e-ru (える、1) 得る、2) 選る) - 1) to obtain; 2) to select
o-ru (おる、1) 折る、2) 織る、3) 居る also いる（i-ru)) - 1) to fold; 2) to weave; 3) to be
ka-ru (かる、1) 刈る、2) 狩る、3) 駆る、4) 借る) - 1) to cut with a xxxx; 2) to hunt; 3) to run; 4) to borrow
ki-ru (きる、切る) - to cut
ki-ru (きる、着る) - to put on (clothes), to wear
ku-ru (くる、来る) - to come
ku-ru (くる、1) 繰る、2) 刳る) - 1) to pull (a string); 2) to cut out a hollow (with a knife)
ke-ru (ける、蹴る) - to kick
ko-ru (こる、凝る) - to become solidified, to become soared (a part of the body)
sa-ru (さる、去る) - to leave
shi-ru (しる、1) 知る、2) 痴れ者) - 1) to know; 2) to become stupid, to be stuified
su-ru (する、1) 刷る、摺る、2) 擦る、3) 掏る) - 1) to print; 2) to rub; 3) to pick pocket
su-ru (する) - to do
se-ru (せる、競る) - to compete
so-ru (そる、1) 反る、2) 剃る) - 1) to bend; 2) to shave
ta-ru (たる、足る) - to suffice ( (intransitive verb)
chi-ru (ちる、散る) - to fall, to scatter (intransitive verb)
tsu-ru (つる、1) 釣る、2) 吊る) - 1) to do fishing; 2) to suspend
te-ru (てる、照る) - to shine (intransitive verb)
to-ru (とる、1) 取る、2) 盗る、3) 採る、4) 撮る、5) 執る) - 1) to take, 2) to steal, 3) to pick up (transitive verb); 4) to take (picture); 5) to manage, to lead
na-ru (なる、成る) - to become
na-ru (なる、鳴る) - to ring (intransitive verb); to sound (intransitive verb)
ni-ru (にる、1) 似る、2) 煮る) - 1) to resemble (intransitive verb), 2) to cook
nu-ru (ぬる、塗る) - to paint (transitive verb)
ne-ru (ねる、練る、煉る) - to xxxx (transitive verb)
ne-ru (ねる、寝る) - to sleep (intransitive verb)
no-ru (のる、乗る、載る) - to ride (intransitive verb); to xxxx
ha-ru (はる、張る、貼る) - to extend, stretch (a rope, paper), to attach (transitive verb)
hi-ru (ひる、簸る) - to xxxx
he-ru (へる、経る) - to pass over (transitive verb)
he-ru (へる、減る) - to decrease (intransitive verb)
ho-ru (ほる、掘る、彫る) - to dig; to carve (transitive verb)
ma-ru
mi-ru (みる、見る) - to see (transitive verb)
mu-ru
me-ru
mo-ru (もる、漏る) - to leak (intransitive verb), mo-re-ru (もれる、漏れる) is more commonly used as the the same meaning.
mo-ru (もる、盛る) - to pile up (transitive verb)
ya-ru (やる、遣る) - to send (transitive verb)
yo-ru (よる、選る) - to select (transitive verb)
yo-ru (よる、寄る、拠る、因る) - to approach; to derive, (intransitive verb)
wa-ru (わる、割る) - to break (transitive verb); to divide
-----
<ma-ru> and <me-ru> as quasi-helping verbs
Like <to become> and <to make> in English we have the following very regular and almost universally usable ways to change an adjective to an intransitive verb (to become) and transitive verb (to make)
ha-ya-i (fast, early： はやい) --> ha-ya-ku-na-ru (to become fast (early) or faster (earlier)) --> ha-ya-ku-su-ru (to make st fast (early) or faster (earlier))
o-so-i (slow, late: おそい) --> -so-ku-na-ru (to become slow (late) or slower (later)) --> o-so-ku-su-ru (to make st slow (late) or slower (later))
Note: In Japanse fast and early are expressed by the same adjective <ha-ya-i> so as slow, late by <o-so-i>.
Besides these universal methodｓ we have some other method,which may be more old but simpler ways by using <ma-ru> and <me-ru>. But these methods are not universal but limited some original Japanese adjectives.
Adjective + <ma-ru> and <me-ru>
Adjective + <ma-mu> ---> to become more and more
e.g.
ha-ya-i (はやい) - fast, eraly; ha-ya ma-ru (はやまる) ---> to become faster and faster, to become erlier and ealier
ta-ka-i (たかい) - high, exensive; ta-ka ma ru (たかまる) ---> to become higher and higher, to become more andmore exensive
a-ka-i (あかい) - red; a-ka ma ru (あかまる) ---> to become reder and reder (can be ued and gramatically correct but not a common way of saying, the common way of saying ---> a-ka-ku na-ru あかくなる)
Adjective + <me-mu> ---> to to make more and more
e.g.
ha-ya-i (はやい) - fast, eraly; ha-ya me-ru (はやめる) ---> to make faster and faster, to become erlier and ealier
ta-ka-i (たかい) - high, exensive; ta-ka me ru (たかめる) ---> to make higher and higher, to become more andmore exensive
a-ka-i (あかい) - red; a-ka me ru (あかめる) ---> to make reder and reder (the common way of saying ---> a-ka-ku su-ru あかくする)
English use similar ways like
strong - to strengthen
weak - to weaken
white - to whiten
black - to blacken
(this method may be the old original English way)
-----
solid - to solidify
soft - to soften
simple - to simplify
glorious - glorify
-----
neutral - to neutrlize
equal - to eaualize
-----
Some oher Adjective Conjugations with <ma-ru>.<me-ru>
hi-ku-i (ひくい、低い) - hi-ku-ma-ru (ひくまる、低まる) - hi-ku-me-ru (ひくめる、低める)
chi-ka-i (ちかい、近い) - chi-ka-ma-ru (ちかくなる、近くなる) - chi-ka-me-ru (ちかくする、近くする)
near, close - to become near (close) - to make st near (close)
a-at-ta-ka-i (あたたかい、暖かい) - a-ta-ta-ma-ru (あたたまる、暖まる) - a-ta-ta-me-ru (あたため る、暖める) warm - to become warm - to make st warm
sa-mu-i (さむい、寒い) only for weather or human body - sa-me-ru (さめる) - sa-ma-su (さます)
cold - to become cold - to make st cold (only for cooking)
hi-ro-i (ひろい、広い) - hi-ro-ma-ru (ひろまる、広まる) - hi-ro-me-ru (ほろめる、広める)
wide - to become wide - to make st wide or to widen
(se-ma-i (せまい、狭い) (se-ba-shi) (せばし) - se-ba-ma-ru (せばまる、狭まる) - se-ba-me-ru) (せばめる、狭める)
narrow - to become narrow - to make st narrow
hu-ka-i (ふかい、深い) - hu-ka-ma-ru (ふかまる、深まる) - hu-ka-me-ru (ふかめる、深める)
deep - to become deep - to make st to deep or to deepen
ki-yo-i (きよい、清い) - ki-yo-ma-ru (きよまる、清まる) - ki-yo-me-ru (きよめる、清める)
pure - to become pure - to make st pure or to purify
tsu-yo-i (つよい、強い) - tsu-yo-ma-ru (つよまる、強まる) - tsu-yo-me-ru (つよめる、強める)
strong - to become strong - to make st strong or to strengthen
yo-wa-i (よわい、弱い) - yo-wa-ma-ru (よわまる、弱まる) - yo-wa-me-ru (よわめる、弱める)
weak - to become weak - to make st weak or to weaken
ka-ta-i (かたい、硬い、固い) - ka-ta-ma-ru (かたまる、固まる) - ka-ta-me-ru (かためる、固める)
hard - to become hard - to make st hard or to harden or to solidify
u-su-i (うすい、薄い) - u-su-ma-ru (うすまる、薄まる) - u-su-me-ru (うすめる、薄める)
thin - to become thin - to make st thin
not dense - to become less dense - to make st less dense
Verb ending with ma-ru (まる), me-ru (める), mu-ru (むる)
1) Verb ending with ma-ru
a-ma-ru, ka-ma-ru, sa-ma-ru, ta-ma-ru, na-ma-ru, ha-ma-ru, ma-ma-ru, ya-ma-ru, ra-maru, wa-ma-ru
i-ma-ru, ki-ma-ru, shi-ma-ru, chi-ma-ru, ni-ma-ru, hi-ma-ru, mi-ma-ru, (i-ma-ru), ri-ma-ru, ---
u-ma-ru, ku-ma-ru, su-ma-ru, tsu-ma-ru, nu-ma-ru, hu-ma-ru, mu-ma-ru, yu-ma-ru, ru-ma-ru, ---
e-ma-ru, ke-ma-ru, se-ma-ru, te-ma-ru, ne-ma-ru, he-ma-ru, me-ma-ru, ye-ma-ru, re-ma-ru, ---
o-ma-ru, ko-ma-ru, so-ma-ru, to-ma-ru, no-ma-ru, ho-ma-ru, mo-ma-ru, yo-ma-ru, ro-ma-ru, ---
Naturally these ma-ru (まる), me-ru (める) pairs are mostly the intransitive and transitive verb pairs.
2) Verb ending with me-ru
a-me-ru, ka-me-ru, sa-me-ru, ta-me-ru, na-me-ru, ha-me-ru, ma-me-ru, ya-me-ru, ra-me-ru, wa-me-ru
i-me-ru, ki-me-ru, shi-me-ru, chi-me-ru, ni-me-ru, hi-me-ru, mi-me-ru, (i-me-ru), ri-me-ru, ---
u-me-ru, ku-me-ru, su-me-ru, tsu-me-ru, nu-me-ru, hu-me-ru, mu-me-ru, yu-me-ru, ru-me-ru, ---
(u-me-ru) (tsu-me-ru)
e-me-ru, ke-me-ru, se-me-ru, te-me-ru, ne-me-ru, he-me-ru, me-me-ru, ye-me-ru, re-me-ru, ---
o-me-ru, ko-me-ru, so-me-ru, to-me-ru, no-me-ru, ho-me-ru, mo-me-ru, yo-me-ru, ro-me-ru, ---
Naturally these ma-ru (まる), me-ru (める) pairs are mostly the intransitive and transitive verb pairs.
a-ma-ru (あまる、余る) to excess (intransitive verb) - (a-me-ru) to be able to knit. The old form of a-me-ru is a-mu (あむ、編む).
u-ma-ru (うまる、埋まる) to berry oneself (intransitive verb) - u-me-ru (うめる、埋める)
to berry st (transitive verb)
ki-ma-ru (きまる、決まる) to be decided (intransitive verb) - ki-me-ru (きめる、決める) to decide st
(transitive verb). The old form of ki-me-ru is ki-mu (きむ、決む).
ko-ma-ru (こまる、困る) to worry (intransitive verb) - ko-me-ru (こめる、込める) to pack st
(transitive verb). The old form of ko-me-ru is ko-mu.
It seems no relation between ko-ma-ru and ko-me-ru but <to worry> is a state of being ( to become) packed.
(sa-mu) - sa-me-ru (さめる) to become cold (food). sa-mu is the old form of sa-me-ru.
shi-ma-ru (しまる、閉まる) to close (intransitive verb) - shi-me-ru (しめる、閉める) to close st (transitive verb). The old form of shi-me-ru is shi-mu.
se-ma-ru (せまる、攻まる) to be attacked (intransitive verb) - se-me-ru (せめる、攻める)
to attacked (transitive verb). The old form of se-me-ru is se-mu.
so-ma-ru (そまる、染まる) to be dyed (intransitive verb) - so-me-ru (そめる、染める) to dye st (transitive verb). The old form of shi-me-ru is so-mu.
ta-ma-ru (たまる、溜まる) to pile up (intransitive verb) - ta-me-ru (ため’る、溜める) to pile up st (transitive verb). The old form of ta-me-ru is ta-mu.
tsu-ma-ru (つまる、詰まる) to become congested (intransitive verb) - tsu-me-ru (つめ’る、詰める)
to congest st (transitive verb). The old form of tsu-me-ru is tsu-mu.
to-ma-ru (とまる、止まる) to stop (intransitive verb) - to-me-ru (とまる、止まる)
to stop st (transitive verb).
to-ma-ru (とまる、泊まる) to stay (at a hotel) (intransitive verb) - to-me-ru (とまる、止まる) to make so to stay ) (transitive verb). The old form of tome-ru is to-mu.
na-ma-ru (*) to localized in speaking (intransitive verb) - na-me-ru (*) to lick st (transitive verb)
Seems no relation between na-ma-ru and na-me-ru. The old form of na-me-ru is na-mu. When you speak like licking it may sound localized in speaking.
ha-ma-ru (はまる) to fit into st (intransitive verb) - ha-me-ru (はめる) to fit st into st (transitive verb). The old form of ha-me-ru is ha-mu.
(hi-mu) - hi-me-ru (ひめる、秘める) to hold secret in itself (intransitive verb). hi-mu is the old form of hi-me-ru. The old form of hi-me-ru is hi-mu.
(ho-mu) - ho-me-ru (ほめる) to praise (transitive verb). ho-mu is the old form of ho-me-ru.
The italics are the verbs meaning of able.
a-me-ru (あめる、編める) to be able to knit
u-me-ru (うめる、生める) - to be able to give birth
ka-me-ru (かめる) - to be able to bite
su-me-ru (すめる、住める) - to be able to live
tsu-me-ru (つめる、積める) - to be able to load
no-me-ru (飲める、飲める) - to be able to drink
hu-me-ru (ふめる、踏める’) - to be able to step on
yo-me-ru (読める、読める) - to be able to read
3) Verb ending with mu-ru
a-mu-ru, ka-mu-ru, sa-mu-ru, ta-mu-ru, na-mu-ru, ha-mu-ru, ma-mu-ru, ya-mu-ru, ra-me-ru, wa-mu-ru
i-mu-ru, ki-mu-ru, shi-mu-ru, chi-mu-ru, ni-mu-ru, hi-mu-ru, mi-mu-ru, (i-mu-ru), ri-mu-ru, ---
u-mu-ru, ku-mu-ru, su-mu-ru, tsu-mu-ru, nu-mu-ru, hu-mu-ru, mu-mu-ru, yu-mu-ru, ru-mu-ru, ---
e-mu-ru, ke-mu-ru, se-mu-ru, te-mu-ru, ne-mu-ru, he-mu-ru, me-mu-ru, ye-me-ru, re-mu-ru, ---
o-mu-ru, ko-mu-ru, so-mu-ru, to-mu-ru, no-mu-ru, ho-mu-ru, mo-mu-ru, yo-mu-ru, ro-mu-ru, ---
mu-ru has no relation wiht ma-ru and me-ru.
ke-mu-ru (けむる、煙る) - to become foggy, to become filled with smoke (intransitive verb). The noun form is ke-mu-ri (けむり、煙).
ne-mu-ru (ねむる、眠る) - to sleep (intransitive verb). The related words - ne-ru (ねる、寝る) to lie down, to sleep. The noun form is ne-mu-ri (ねむり、眠り).
sptt
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